1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Modern World

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People artificial satellite – a man-made object that orbits a larger body International Space Station (ISS) – an artificial structure built and maintained by a coalition of nations with the purpose of research Internet – a huge international computer network linking millions of users around the world biotechnology – the application of biological research to industry, engineering, and technology laser – a high-energy light beam genetic engineering – the manipulation of genetic material to produce specific results

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite. The U.S. Apollo program landed a man on the moon in 1969. Scientific research and technological development including the personal computer, and advances in medicine have transformed human history. The space race began during the Cold War as the United States and Soviet Union competed with each other to explore outer space. How have advances in Scientific research and technological development shaped the modern world?

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. More than a dozen countries built the International Space Station for exploration and scientific research. Space science continued to develop after Apollo. Thousands of satellites have been launched to orbit the Earth, for three specific purposes. Communication: television, telephones, high-speed data transmission Observation: data for scientists, weather forecasters, the military Navigation: beam precise locations to ships and others

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The invention of the computer created an information revolution. Computers run businesses and power plants. They help scientists do their research and enable global communication. The creation of the Internet made e-commerce possible, which led to economic growth. Approximately one third of the world’s population is online. After the invention of the silicon chip, it was possible for manufacturers to make personal computers (PCs).

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Developments in medicine and biotechnology have given people new tools to combat and prevent disease. The development of vaccines in the postwar era prevented many diseases such as polio. Medicine was also transformed by surgical advances such as organ transplants and the use of lasers. Computer images of the brain and other organs allow doctors to diagnose many diseases.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. These breakthroughs have brought benefits and debate over the ethics of modified foods and the role of science in creating life. Research in genetics and genetic engineering has produced new drugs and new strains of fruits and vegetables. It has also made cloning possible. Life expectancies have risen worldwide as a result of increased agricultural production and breakthroughs in treating disease.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Globalization

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. globalization – the process by which nations become integrated with those of other nations around the world interdependence – the dependence of countries on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, and labor from other parts of the world multinational corporation – a corporation in many countries that sells throughout the world World Trade Organization (WTO) – international organization set up to facilitate global trade protectionism – the use of tariffs and other restrictions that protect a country’s home industries against competition sustainability – the ability to meet present needs for survival without harming future generations Terms and People

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Globalization began 500 years ago, at the time of the Columbian Exchange. By 2000, globalization was taking place at a rapid rate. The rise of free trade, improvements in transportation and communication, and the spread of democratic systems has increased economic interdependence in today’s world. How is globalization affecting economies and societies around the world? Nations depend on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, and labor. Financial markets are interconnected. Interdependence is a major effect of globalization.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Rich and poor nations of the world are linked. Wealthy countries depend on developing nations for low-paid labor through outsourcing. Developing nations depend on wealthier countries for capital, trade, and technology.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Natural resources—especially oil—play a huge role in the global economy. When OPEC (Oil Producing Group) limited oil exports in 1973, economies suffered around the world. An Energy Crisis People have began to invest in alternative fuels, but the world is still dependent on oil.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Because the world is connected financially, a crisis in one nation or region can have a global impact. Wealthy nations shored up their economies with costly stimulus plans and bailouts. Several European nations faced crippling debt. Developing nations felt the impact as prices for their exports fell and international aid decreased. In 2008, a banking crisis in the United States rippled through the world as global stock markets plunged.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The United Nations was created to keep the peace, but it also deals with political and social issues. The World Bank offers loans and technical advice to developing nations. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) promotes global economic growth and monetary cooperation. The World Trade Organization was organized in 1995. It opposes protectionism and seeks to keep the flow of world trade smooth and free. International organizations and treaties have greatly expanded since 1945.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) links Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) eases trade among Pacific Rim nations. The African Union deals with both economic and political issues. Nations have formed regional blocs, such as the European Union, to promote trade.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Benefits Brings consumers variety and low prices Exposes people to new ideas Generates money that can be used to provide services such as education Promotes democracy Costs Can cause poor countries to go into debt and lower their standard of living Disrupts indigenous people’s land and culture Encourages too-rapid development, which compromises sustainability Global trade has costs and benefits.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Social and Environmental Challenges

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People tsunami – very large, damaging wave caused by an earthquake or very strong wind famine – when large numbers of people in a region or country face death by starvation acid rain – a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air fall to Earth as rain, snow, or hail deforestation – destruction of forest land erosion – the wearing away of land global warming – the rise of the Earth’s surface temperature over time

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Though some progress has been made in reducing global poverty, the gap between rich and poor nations is growing. Developing nations have so much debt that they have no money to improve life for their people. Political upheavals, war, and bad planning also block efforts to reduce poverty. Rapid population growth has strained resources and made it harder to provide basic services.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gross Domestic Product (value of all nations goods and services) is one way to measure a nation’s wealth.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. One critical issue in developing countries is access to safe water.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Natural disasters and epidemics strike all over the world A tsunami swept over the islands and coasts of the Indian Ocean in 2004, killing 160,000. In 2010, an earthquake devastated Haiti, one of the world’s poorest nations. Over 300,000 people were killed and a million made homeless. In addition to the immediate suffering, natural disasters can wreck local economies. An epidemic of HIV/AIDS began in the 1980s. Treating and preventing AIDS has become a global priority.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Food is often not distributed to those who need it most. Both natural disasters and war have caused widespread famine. Civil wars in Sudan and Ethiopia in the 1970s and 1980s led to famines that required the efforts of international aid groups. Hunger is a major threat for millions of people around the globe.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Millions of migrants go to Europe, North America, and Asia each year. While some people in developed countries welcome the newcomers, others fear that immigrants will take away jobs. Globalization has led to greater movement of people around the globe. Some of those who migrate are refugees forced to move due to war, disaster, or persecution.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The world community pressed countries to end abuses through economic means. Human rights groups monitor and report on human rights violations. However, human rights abuses still occur every day. Globalization has brought attention to these abuses. UN members approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Nations signing the Helsinki Accords in 1975 guaranteed basic rights as well.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. According to a report to the UN, women perform two thirds of all working hours but receive only one tenth of the world’s income. The UN and other groups monitor the human rights of women. They also condemn violence against women. A global women’s movement has worked for decades to secure equality and rights for women.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Though the UN has worked to protect the rights of indigenous people, few have been able to maintain a traditional way of life. Many Indians have died of diseases. Mayan villagers were targeted by the government in Guatemala’s civil war. Land has been forcibly taken from indigenous people in the name of development.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Gases from factories produced acid rain. Pollution from nuclear plant disasters sparked debate on how to safely use this technology. Oil spills polluted waterways. Expanding human settlement endangered many species of animals. Deforestation led to soil erosion. Economic development has raised concerns about damage to the environment.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many scientists believe global warming results from human activity, but some policymakers contend it is caused by natural swings in the Earth’s climate. A treaty called the Kyoto Protocol went into effect in 2005 with the purpose of lowering the emissions of greenhouse gases. The United States did not sign, due to economic concerns. Global warming has led to debate about how to protect the environment without hindering economic development.