1. What Works in WAC/WID Instruction Wilkes University September 28, 2006 Greg Colomb Department of English University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22903 g-colomb@virginia.edu

2. –2– What institutional circumstances had refused our students their full powers as writers? How was their prior training as writers effectively a form of censorship, a denial of rights? Teaching writing this became a political matter, not simply a pedagogical one, because students’ unfamiliarity and frustration with the academic forms we required and our unfamiliarity with the forms they needed were not personal “problems” but a matter of politics. As a result, the work of composition became inextricably connected for me to the analysis of how language and language instruction commonly serve primarily to mystify, domesticate, and dominate.... That my students had been refused the development of their writing—that they had been denied the right to a writing consonant with and enabling their ways of reading—made writing itself the central concern of my courses. James Slevin, Introducing English, p. 10

3. –3– Theory of Writing Instruction and Its Binaries Process vs. Product Expression vs. Rhetoric Personal vs. Academic Discourse Fluencyvs. Correctness Acquisition vs. Direct Instruction Interpretation vs. Production Critique vs. Skills Most binaries are products of scarcity: What should we do in what little time we have?

4. –4– WAC/WID Both Attempt to Reduce Scarcity by Sharing Responsibility All faculty share the responsibility for writing instruction. Students have a better ratio of practice to instruction. Students have more than one chance to be ready to learn particular skills. Students have more than one chance to see the point of doing what we ask of them. When you think WAC, think Distributed Parallel Teaching/Learning.

5. –5– But WAC/WID Raises Other Concerns about Scarcity Faculty Fears: “I have no extra time in my class to add new material.” “I do not have the knowledge/skills to teach writing.” “I have no extra time in my life to mark up more papers.” DPT’s Solutions Don’t add writing instruction, integrate it. You don’t need to do the whole job; learn to do your part. Mark to teach (which is quick) not to justify a grade or to show students how wrong they are. Don’t think of yourself as teaching writing. Teach students. Enable them to become engaged in and to reflect on their writing.

6. –6– Engagement and Reflection in Writing Instruction Writing is a complex, cyclical process that is product/goal directed. It involves unconscious activities that depend on engagement: thinking, drafting, and other moments of “flow.” It also involves conscious activities that depend on reflection: planning, reviewing, and moments of breakdown. This duality applies at all levels: language, rhetoric, genre, and discipline.

7. –7– What Helps Students Achieve Engagement and Reflection Immersion in Cultures and Practices of Writing and Reading frequent and routine writing in service of larger goals directed to readers’ needs ultimately productive of response, not correction receives editorial, not evaluative correction EngagementReflection Study of Recurrent, Effective, and Controllable Features formal descriptions that are accurate and usable learned “just in time” in response to need directed to readers’ responses used not memorized

8. –8– How Assignments Help Students Achieve Engagement and Reflection Questions must be real problems, not exercise problems. Problems must be answerable with students’ resources. Students must know or be able to discover the significance of the problem. Students must know or be able to discover who has the problem. Students must see (or at least imagine) the response of those who have the problem. EngagementReflection Student must know or learn formal expectations you enforce. Those expectations must be described in usable form, not as definitions. Students must know or learn the purposes and practices underlying formal expectations. Assignments must include moments to consider, reconsider, and even critique those expectations.

9. –9– How Class Activities Help Students Achieve Engagement and Reflection Real questions should be routine class events Discussions should replicate the processes of answering real questions Students need to see teacher thinking, not prepared performances of prior thought Students need low-stakes opportunities to write like a native (and hear the native version) EngagementReflection Study of formal features of disciplinary texts should be a routine class event Students need low-stakes opportunities to practice new formal features Students must know or learn any purposes and practices underlying formal expectations Assignments must include moments to consider and reconsider those expectations

10. –10– Colomb’s WACky Theses 1)Students need to write more than teachers need to grade. 2)Everything students write deserves some response. 3)Teachers are not always the most appropriate responders. 4)Evaluation is the least helpful response. 5)We mark up papers to enhance students’ learning, never to justify a grade. 6)Students should always see the point of the kind of writing we assign, but they only have to pretend to care. 7)Students should always see the point of writing the specific text they produce. 8)Writing never has to compete with coverage. 9)Writing enhances understanding and retention. 10)Distributed learning works: no one can do the whole job.