1. Managing wood production in temperate forests: experiences and success factors Seminario “Manejo Forestal Sustentable: Experiencias Internacionales y Perspectivas para México” Mexico, Sept 22, 2014 Jean-Martin Lussier

3. 90% Public 6% Private 2% Federal 2% Aboriginal 90% Public 6% Private 2% Federal 2% Aboriginal

4. 68% conifer 16% mixedwood 11% broadleaf 68% conifer 16% mixedwood 11% broadleaf

5. Hardwood & mixedwood stands in Eastern Canada  Mixture of 5-10 species/stand  Natural regeneration  Uneven-aged  History of partial harvests

6. Acer saccharum Érable à sucre Sugar Maple

7. Betula alleghaniensis Bouleau jaune Yellow birch

8. Quercus rubra Chêne rouge Red Oak

9. http://blogue.tourismemauricie.com/ Multifunctional Forest www.lanaudiere.qc.ca www.bonjourquebec.com

10. Selectively harvested since the XIX th Century Warbirdnews.com http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ http://www.muskokaregion.com/

11. © Ralph Nyland The effects of selective cuttings (Aka. Diameter-limit cuts) « Cut the best, leave the rest » No consideration of tree promotion rate No management of stand regeneration Depletion of quality trees Low canopy cover Patchy/unsufficient regeneration of desired species

12. Management of Hardwoods in Quebec Source: Bedard & Meunier 2006 IUFRO Conference Rouyn-Noranda.

13. Mousseau Forest, 15 years after the first selection cut THE SELECTION SYSTEM Management of cutting cycle and residual stocking Continuous stand improvement “Cut the worse, leave the best” Size-structure management Tighter control through tree marking Growth monitoring

14. Tree marking: a key process of Quebec’s selection system

15. Selection system: Cutting Guides Stems /ha DBH (cm) Target residual density Initial density Source: Majcen et al. 1990

16. UNSUFFICIENT BASAL AREA GROWTH Low Grade Stands Unadequate marking rules for stand improvement 2002 Change in management policy New grading system of tree vigour (MSCR System) NEW TREE MARKING PRIORITIES FORCING STAND SANITATION DIFFERENT BASKET OF PRODUCTS => More Pulpwood => Less Sawlogs DIFFERENT BASKET OF PRODUCTS => More Pulpwood => Less Sawlogs

17. Hardwoods: a value chain founded on appearance wood 17 ≠

18. 5 Hardwood Pulp and Paper Mills http://img.src.ca/2011/05/04/635x357/PC_110504_o4u60_domtar-usine-windsor_sn635.jpg

19. Typical Hardwood Value Chain FOREST MARKETS Lumber Mill Cabinet Makers Pulp Mill Furniture Makers

20. 20 Max 90eCentile 50eCentile 10eCentile MIN Source: http://www.spfl.net/http://www.spfl.net/ Supply Cost

22. The negative impact of stand improvement strategy on the current value chain Because of the structure of the value chain, Lumber mills are absorbing the cost  More pulpwood means more costs

24. Trying to solve the problem NEEDS  Cost reduction  Improvement of the basket of products SOLUTION 1.Revise the production objectives 2.Reduce dispersion costs 3.Diversify the silviculture systems 4.Reduce planning errors and control costs

25. Average evolution of the value of lumber-quality maple and birch trees

26. Shift in silviculture approach… BEFORE  All defect trees should be removed first to improve stand quality NOW Regardless to their quality, Trees over 40cm should be considered mature and ready to harvest, unless…  some canopy retention is needed to favour regeneration AND/OR  The income needs to be smoothed out over multiple cutting cycles.

27. DISPERSION COST OF FOREST OPERATIONS ( Favreau 2004) Dispersion cost ($/m 3 ) Harvested volume by kilometer of forest road (m 3 /km) Partial cuts in hardwoods Total cuts in softwoods

28. Analysis of 2 deployment alternatives Sector Mitchinamecus, Québec 28 Source: Adamczewski et Fortin 2009 http://notreforet.ca/projet_30.htm ) http://notreforet.ca/projet_30.htm Current Scenario Alternative Scenario 57,81 $/m 3 47,60 $/m 3

29. Diversify the Silviculture Systems Uniform Sheterwood Irregular Shelterwood Selection Expanding gaps Extended Continuous Cover

30. The 1-2-3 method for silviculture systems involving partial cutting 1.Rational trail network 2.Tree selection guidelines 3.Control method 30

31. STEP 1: Set a rational trail system

32. STEP 2: Set the guidelines for tree selection SIMPLE CASE STRUCTURE: Closed canopy of mature trees & lack of regeneration SYSTEM: Extended Irregular Shelterwood ACTIONS Yr 0: Harvest 50% of the trees in all classes to favour regeneration Yr 20: Overstory removal (Uniform Shelterwood)

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35. A Multitreatment approach : Changing the guidelines as the structure changes The operator observes the analysis zones (150 m²) He counts the number of large trees (dbh>40 cm) 0 large tree Mainly second cohort Cut 1 tree Out of 4 mid-size 0 large mid-sized Regen only Pass by Trail only Only 1 large tree All tree size-classes Cut 1 large tree 2 large trees Mainly first cohorts Cut 1 tree out of 2 larges

36. STEP 3- Control process  Usually done with operational sampling plot networks  Research on the application of Lidar technology Points cloud XYZ LiDAR

37. Pass by Trail only Cut 1 large tree or Cut 1/4 mid-size Cut 1 tree out of 2 larges Multitreatment Mapping with Lidar

39. ¡Gracias! Jean-Martin Lussier, ing.f., Ph.D. Chercheur en sylviculture Contact Centre canadien sur la fibre de bois 1055 rue du PEPS, Québec. Que G1V 4C7 Tél: 418-648-7148 jean-martin.lussier@rncan.gc.cajean-martin.lussier@rncan.gc.ca www.fpinnovations.ca