2. Ireland: A crash course in immigrant integration By Abel Ugba University of East London, London

3. From Emigrations to in-migrations Nation of emigrants until the 1990s Immigrants/a minority ethnic group present before dramatic increases in in-migrations Greater/diversified in-flows from mid-1990s. Reasons are manifold:  Ireland’s rising international profile  The ‘Celtic Tiger’  Citizenship/immigration policies  Social/political unrests in parts of the world

4. Categories of immigrants Workers (work permit/visa/authorisation)  particular nationalities dominate particular professions Asylum seekers/Geneva Conv. Refugees  Rapid increases from mid-1990s to early 2000s Students - burgeoning English Lang. Market Post January-2004: ‘Influx’ from the former communist bloc

5. Crash courses in immigration policies Adhoc measures meant to discourage long- term/large scale presence of immigrants  Asylum seekers/refugees  Migrant workers  Students  Migrants from ‘new’ EU countries

6. Crash courses in citizenship and integration policies Residence permits and immigrant parents of Irish children The Citizen Referendum and the ‘IBC’ fiasco ‘Amnesty’ and respite for hounded immigrants Racism, anti-racism and equality measures