1. Envirothon and FFA Forestry CDE

2. 1. American beech*** 2.American sycamore** 3. Bald cypress*** 4.Bitternut hickory*** 5. Black cherry** 6.Elm* 7.Black locust** 8.Black oak 9.Black walnut*** 10.Ponderosa pine* 11. Blackgum** 12.Cottonwood* 13.Alder* 14.Devil’s walking stick** 15.Douglas fir* 16. Flowering dogwood** 17. River Birch*** 18. Green ash*** 19.Aspen* 20.Grey birch* 21.Lodgepole pine* 22.Mockernut hickory*** 23.Eastern hemlock* 24. Northern Red oak*** 25. Sassafras** 26. Norway maple* 27.Longleaf pine* 28.Sugar Maple Trees You Should Know 29.Norway spruce* 30.Pecan* 31.Catalpa 32. Persimmon** 33.American White birch* 34. Pignut hickory*** 35. Pin oak 36.Atlantic white cedar*** 37.Pitch pine 38. Red maple*** 39.Virginia pine** 40.Scarlet oak** 41.Eastern red cedar*** 42.Shagbark hickory** 43.Shortleaf pine* 44. Silver maple*** 45.Loblolly pine*** 46. Southern red oak* 47. Sweetbay Magnolia** 48. Sweetgum*** 49.Red pine* 50.Water oak** 51. White oak*** 52.American Holly** 53.White pine*** 54.Willow oak** 55.Eastern red cedar*** 56.Yellow-poplar***

3. Common names are given to all plants and are for the everyday person to use, they are easy to pronounce and are usually descriptive. BUT: trying to communicate with someone from a different region or country can be difficult. sometimes the same plant has many different common names different plants may have the same common name some plants are so rare that no common name is given.

4. The Father of Botany Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) –was the first to consistently use a system of binomial nomenclature which literally means two names. –Scientific names of plants consist of a generic name and a specific epithet, in Latin either underlined or in italics.

5. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) also known as: Carl von Linné Carolus Linnaeus Known as the Father of Taxonomy Taxonomy – systematic classification of plants Devised a method of hierarchical classification binomial nomenclature Named approx. 250,000 plant species

6. Quercus falcata Michx. Linnean herbarium (S-LINN) Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)

7. We live on a planet called Earth. Biologists call the Earth and its atmosphere -- the Biosphere. The Biosphere is composed of organic and inorganic matter Organic matter (stuff containing carbon) is again divided into living and non-living objects All living beings are currently divided into five Kingdoms

8. Kingdoms of All Living Beings: Plantae - the plant kingdom, studied in the field of Botany Fungi - the kingdom of fungus and molds, studied as Mycology Animalia - the animal kingdom, the domain of Zoology Protoctista - a catch-all for all other "higher-order" organisms from single-celled microbes to large seaweeds (algae) Monera - consists of bacteria -- small-celled microorganisms without true cell nuclei

9. Plantae: The Plant Kingdom Plants nourish our bodies and souls Plants provide the oxygen we breathe and the food that sustains us Plants provide shade over our heads and cool carpets under our feet Surround us with beautiful colors and marking the change of seasons Prominent plants determine ecological communities such as "Redwood-Tanoak Forest" or "Oak Grassland" and dictate the animals, fungi found there, and climate as well.

10. Plant Classification Plants are classified into 12 phyla or divisions based largely on reproductive characteristics; they are classified by tissue structure into non- vascular (mosses), and vascular plants (all others) by "seed" structure into those that reproduce through naked seeds, covered seeds, or spores; by stature divided into mosses, ferns, shrubs and vines, trees, and herbs. All of these higher-level groupings are decidedly lopsided: the vast majority of the 270,000 plant species are flowering herbs.

11. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION King David Came Over For Good Spaghetti I I L R A E P N V A D M N E G I S E I U C D S S R L S I O I Y E M O S N

12. Use of Scientific Names Smallest two categories in the classification system Binomial nomenclature Latin and Greek languages (no longer spoken, does not change) Common names confusing and inconsistent Universal recognition, one name per plant species Professional horticulturalists need to know both names Written in italics or underlined Examples: Acer rubrumAcer plantanoides Acer saccharinumAcer palmatum Acer saccharumAcer ginnala Credit is given to the founder:Betula nigra L. Variety vs. cultivar – intentional or unintentional genetic variation Ex: A. rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ or A. rubrum cv. Red Sunset

13. Delaware has over 60 species of trees! It is hard to know every tree in the forest so taxonomists have constructed dichotomous keys to help identify them.

14. The Key to Knowledge A tool used to identify a specific object by using two comparative questions Dichotomous Keys consist of a series of two-way choices along the route from the unknown to the known. At each fork in the road the user is asked a pair of questions. Each question is designed to divide a set of species into smaller groups until there is only one left.

15. Tree Keys Keying is a way to identify a plant or tree by looking at the similarities and differences that exist among them. A tree key would begin with a group of trees that are split into two groups by comparing different expressions of the same character (flower color red or white). The first major separation would be whether or not the tree is coniferous, bearing cones or deciduous, sheds its leaves annually.

16. Keying takes practice!! Most tree keys use characters such as leaf shape Or seed descriptions to create groups User must be familiar with the terminology used to describe these characters to be successful.

17. Basic Terminology Opposite: 2 or 3 leaves are directly across from each other on the same twig Alternate: leaves that are staggered along stem Simple leaf: one leaflet, a petiole and a bud at its base Compound leaf: a single leaf that is made up of many leaflets Petiole: the stalk of a leaf that connects it to the tree Needle-like: leaves long and narrow, thick in the shape of a needle Scale-like: leaves in the shape of small, flat thickened triangles that hug the stem Entire: leaf edges is smooth no teeth or lobes Lobed: leaf has wavy edges Toothed: leaf has jagged edges

18. Leaves Shape Margin Lobes Base Vein pattern Apex style Simple vs compound Surface texture

19. 1 Leaf Blade 2 Apex 3 Base 4 Petiole 5 Margin 6 Lobe 7 Notch 8 9 Midrib Spine & veins

20. Twigs Types of buds Terminal bud Lateral/axillary bud Bud arrangement Leaf petiole scar Lenticles Pith Bud scale scar

21. 1 Terminal Bud 5 Petiole Scar 2 Lenticels 9 Pith 3 Lateral/axillary bud 6 Bud Scale Scar 4 Internode (space between nodes) 7 One years growth 8 Vascular Bundle Scar

22. Leaf Types Simple vs. Compound

23. Simple Trifoliate Compound Palmately Compound Pinnately Compound Bi-Pinnately Compound

24. Types of Simple Lobed Leaves

25. Tri-Lobed Palmately LobedTri-lobed

26. Tri-Lobed Palmately Lobed

27. Tri-Lobed Palmately LobedPinnately Lobed

28. Leaf Shapes

29. Ovate Obovate Lanceolate Oblanceolate

30. Orbicular Linear Oblong Oval

34. Leaf Apexes

35. Acute (sharply pointed) Cuspidate (curving to a point)

36. Obtuse (Rounded or Blunt) Emarginate (notched at the tip)

41. Leaf Bases

42. Cuneate Rounded

43. Cordate Truncate

48. Leaf Margins

49. Entire Dentate

50. Doubly Serrate Serrate

51. Crenate Crenate-Serrate

58. Types of Buds

59. Sessile (w/o stalk) Stalked Imbricate Scaly (many scales) Valvate Scaly (2 scales)

60. Leaf & Bud Arrangements

61. Opposite Alternate Whorled Fascicled (clustered on a spur)

62. Types of piths

63. HollowGenerous Diaphragmed SolidChambered Stellate

64. Other characteristics to look for when keying Texture of leaf or bark Smell or odor when leaf is crushed Hairs, glands, scales or lack thereof on bottom of leaf Milky or clear sap when stem is pinched Habitat found growing Leaf surface shiny or dull

65. Usually the first question about the leaves will be their arrangement: alternate, opposite, or whorled

66. Second division will be the leaf type: compound or simple.