1. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Prepared by Katherine E. L. Norris, Ed.D.  West Chester University This multimedia product and the content are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network,  preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images;  any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth

3. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby  The Process of Birth  Becoming a Family: Psychological Adjustments to Having a Newborn

4. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Prenatal Development ◦ The Development of an organism before (pre) its birth (natal).  Conception  Stages of Development

5. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Conception ◦ The process of fertilization where a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to create a new organism.  Ovulation ◦ Release of an egg (ovum) from the female ovary.  Differentiation ◦ Process that occurs during cell division in which each new cell is committed to becoming a particular structure.

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7.  The Germinal Stage: Conception - 2 Weeks. ◦ The first stage of prenatal development.  Implantation  The Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3 – 8. ◦ The second stage of prenatal development.  Miscarriage  Stillbirth  Cephalocaudal pattern  Proximadistal pattern  Critical periods  Organogenesis.

8. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  The Fetal Stage: Week 9 – Birth (38 – 40 Weeks) ◦ The third and final stage of prenatal development.

9. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Teratogens ◦ Any substance or condition that might disrupt prenatal development and cause birth defects.  Premature ◦ Babies born earlier or smaller than average.  Preterm Birth ◦ Births that occur before 37 weeks of gestation.  Low Birth Weight Weight less than 5 ½ pounds at birth (2 pounds lighter than average).

10. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Alcohol ◦ Alcohol use during pregnancy can be catastrophic.  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) ◦ A syndrome of birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.  Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) ◦ Lowered IQ, hyperactivity, growth deficiencies, and physical malformations.

11. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Cocaine ◦ Fetal exposure to cocaine retards growth, can cause preterm birth, and can cause malformations in the baby’s brain, intestines, and genital – urinary tract.  Cigarette Smoking ◦ Cigarette smoke contains more than 450 different harmful chemicals, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and cyanide. ◦ These chemicals damage the placenta, reduce the blood supply, oxygen, and nutrients available to the fetus.

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13.  Mother’s Health ◦ If a woman is carrying an infectious disease while pregnant, it can endanger the fetus.  Herpes  Syphilis  HIV/AIDS  Mother’s Age

14. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  At what point is the developing baby most vulnerable to toxins such as alcohol, cocaine, and cigarette smoke?  Are the defects more severe when the exposure occurs early in pregnancy?  Or are they more severe when the exposure occurs closer to birth?

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16.  What aspects of your current lifestyle would you be willing to change to prevent future birth defects?  What changes do you think other people would be willing to make?

17. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Babies are more likely to be preterm and low in birth weight when they have fathers who are teenagers.  These babies are more likely to have lower Apgar scores and they are more likely to die.  Miscarriages and a variety of birth defects are more likely to occur when fathers work in settings that expose them to pesticides or chemicals.

18. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Stages of Birth  Cultural Differences Surrounding Birth  Modern Birthing Practices in the United States: Choices and Alternatives

19. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Stage 1 – Dilation ◦ The gradual opening of the cervix caused by labor contractions.  Stage 2 – Delivery ◦ The baby actually moves through the birth canal.  Stage 3 – Afterbirth ◦ The placenta and other membranes are delivered through the birth canal.

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21.  The general biology of giving birth is the same for all human beings.  The way that the birthing process is approached varies considerably across cultures.

22. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Birth Attendants ◦ Certified nurse-midwives ◦ Doula  Prepared Childbirth ◦ Classes or training to educate about labor and delivery  Pain Relief During Labor and Delivery ◦ Epidural anesthesia

23. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Malpresentation ◦ Improper positioning of the fetus in the mother’s uterus.  Fetal Distress ◦ A condition that indicates that the fetus is at risk.

24. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Apgar Test ◦ A brief assessment of the newborn conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; used to identify newborns who are at risk and need medical attention.

25. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  The Transition to Parenthood  Becoming the Big Brother or Sister

26. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  Adjusting ◦ It usually takes about 6 months to adjust to a new baby (although time may vary). ◦ The transition to parenthood often brings to the forefront any issues that a new parent has with his or her own parents. ◦ The transition is easier if the new parents are realistic in their expectations.

27. Copyright © 2010, Pearson Education Inc., All rights reserved.  An older sibling may have a difficult time with a new baby. ◦ Increases in whininess ◦ Sleeping difficulties ◦ Withdrawal ◦ Clinginess ◦ Aggressive behaviors