1. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Chapter 2
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

2. Prokaryotic Cells Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

3. Prokaryote Eukaryote One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones
No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls
Mitotic spindle

4. Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm  2 - 8 µm Basic shapes:
Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4b, 4.4c

5. Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic
Unusual shapes
Star-shaped Stella
Square Haloarcula
Most bacteria are monomorphic
A few are pleomorphic
Figure 4.5

6. Arrangements Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli
Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2c

7. Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky
A capsule is neatly organized
A slime layer is unorganized and loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis
Figure 4.6a–b

8. Flagella Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellin
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
Figure 4.8a

9. Flagella Arrangement
Figure 4.7

10. Figure 4.8b

11. Motile Cells Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

12. Motile Cells
Figure 4.9

13. Motile Cells
Figures 4.9a, 4.23d

14. Axial Filaments Endoflagella In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move
Figure 4.10a

15. Fimbriae allow attachment
Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
Figure 4.11

16. Cell Wall Prevents osmotic lysis Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
Figure 4.6a–b

17. Peptidoglycan
Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides
Figure 4.13a