1. GRAMMAR Reviews Important Notes to Study These reviews are the highlights of the lectures in the classroom.

3. Lesson 1 Figures of Speech Useful – Construct sentences – Punctuation – Common Language with professionals – HSAP The function of different groups of words

4. Lesson 2 Nouns Two Types – Common – Proper person, place, thing Common: Thing Two: abstract concrete  Capitalization Thing One: Proper: General- lower Specific- Capital

5. Lesson 3 To make nouns plural Nouns If the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y – vowel – consonant ---add an s  Words that end in o Add an es  Exception to the y rules:  ch, sh, x, or z Family name or a product name: Memorize the spellings Add an s Add an s Change the y to an i and add es  Add s to make abbreviations plural

6. Lesson 4 Compound Nouns  A few nouns you just have to memorize  With some plural forms, you do have a choice : add an s  When in doubt, check a ______________. The first plural form listed is the one that is the most common.  When making compound nouns plural, ------------- on the important noun. dictionary mice deer Examples: brothers-in-law runners-up. - tooth - childteeth children oxen knives -ox - knife Computer mouse Cactus Index Bus mice or mouses cacti or cactuses indices or indexes Buses or busses mouse deer

8. Lesson 5 - Verbs A ________ is a word that _____________________, _____ another verb to a subject, _______ another verb or, or merely indicates ___________.

9. Recognize the Types  Action  Linking  Helping

10. Action Verbs An ________ verb expresses __________ or________ action.   Physical Action: _________________ _________________ _________________  Mental Action: _________________ _________________ _____

11. Linking Verbs A ________ verb does not express action; it _____________ a word (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that identifies or describes the subject) in the _____________ to the ___________. Linking Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been Taste Feel Smell Sound Look Stay Appear Become Seem Grow Remain

12. Helping Verbs A _________ verb helps the main verb to make a statement. A verb ______ is a main verb and its ________verbs. This phrase can be interrupted by other verbs. Helping Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been Have Has Had Do Did Does Shall Will Should Will May Might Must Can Could

13. Transitive / Intransitive  A ________ verb is a verb that has _________ of the action to complete its meaning.  An ________ verb is a verb that does ______ have a __________ of the action.  Some verbs can be ________ or __________ depending on how they are used.  Transitive verbs _________ action to an object and if you take the object out, it doesn’t make sense. Michael hit the ball.

16. VERBS  Action  Linking  Helping

18. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs AAction verbs describe action. Run Jump Swim LLinking or being verbs describe a state of being. linking verbs are not about action but about connecting other words together. The verb to be is the basic linking verb. The word is a form of the verb to be. is

19. To Be: Simple Forms of PresentPast Iamwas she/he/itiswas we/you/theyarewere

20. Others that Link …. Seem Appear Look Become Verbs that describe the senses…. Feel smell NOTE: There are at least 60 linking verbs in the English language.

21. Complications…… A tip – See if you can replace the verb with a form of to be. If so, it is probably a linking verb. We grow tired. We are tired. It tastes salty. It is salty. He smells badly. He is badly. Some verbs can be both linking verbs and action verbs.

22. Action or Linking – Practice 1.The monkey looked hungry. 2.The monkey looked for food. 3.The soup tasted good. 4.I tasted the soup. 5.He grew into a tall man. 6.He grew tired of walking. 7.Mother appeared happy at her party. 8.Mother appeared quietly in the room. 9.The bugle sounded loudly. 10.The bugle sounds loud.

23. Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, a predicate. The predicate tells something about the subject. She ate pizza. She pizza

24. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs express action upon a direct object. The dog bit me. She appealed the decision. I dropped my backpack. Intransitive verbs do not express action upon a direct object. The rain poured through the open window. The experiment failed. The backpack dropped into the mud.

25. Transitive Verbs have Voice. Active voice – the subject is doing the action. Sharon made mistakes. The dog bit him. I dropped the backpack. Passive voice – the subject is receiving the action. Use passive sparingly. If the doer of the action is unknown. If the object is more important than the doer of the action. Many errors were made in the yearbook captions.

26. Active or Passive – Practice 1.A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna. 2.The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris. 3.Pepe left the water running in the bathtub. 4.Someone broke the window while we were away. 5.John guarantees a splendid time for us all. 6.Many errors were made in the baseball game. 7.Alex made many errors in the baseball game. 8.The mechanic replaced the car’s shock absorbers. 9.I am expected at home at midnight by my parents. 10.Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.

27. Change the passive voice to the active 1.A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna. 2.The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris. 3.Many errors were made in the baseball game. 4.I am expected at home at midnight by my parents. 5.Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.

28. A few commonly misused verbs: Sit – to be seated …. Sit & Set I always ________ near a window. Please _______ the plant near the window. Set – to put or place something

29. A few commonly misused verbs: Rise – to go up …. Rise & Raise ________ your hands. Please _______ the and recite the poem. Raise – to lift something

30. A few commonly misused verbs: Lie – to recline …. Lie & Lay She ________ down to nap. Please _______ the book here. Lay –to put or play something.

31. And others … BBring – movement toward you TTake – movement away from you CCan – ability MMay – permission