1. NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES America: Past and Present Chapter 2

2. Breaking Away Different motives for migration Different motives for migration religious versus economic religious versus economic personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

3. Four Colonial Subcultures The Chesapeake The Chesapeake New England New England Middle Colonies Middle Colonies The Carolinas The Carolinas

4. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English colonies Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English colonies Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World

5. Entrepreneurs in Virginia Joint-stock companies provide financing Joint-stock companies provide financing English stockholders in Virginia Company expect instant profits English stockholders in Virginia Company expect instant profits Jamestown settled 1607 Jamestown settled 1607 Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive Powhattans Competition from expansive Powhattans Colonists do not work for common good Colonists do not work for common good

6. Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

7. Spinning Out of Control 1608-1609--John Smith imposes order 1608-1609--John Smith imposes order 1609--London Company reorganizes colonial government 1609--London Company reorganizes colonial government 1610-- “Starving Time” 1610-- “Starving Time” Conflict with Powhattans Conflict with Powhattans Contributes to “starving time”Contributes to “starving time” 1622—natives attempt to drive out English1622—natives attempt to drive out English 1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed

8. Time of Reckoning Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio 3,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-16223,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-1622 Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619 Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619 Contagious disease kills settlers Contagious disease kills settlers 1618: Virginia population numbers 700 1618: Virginia population numbers 700 1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate 1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate 1622: Virginia population numbers 1,240 1622: Virginia population numbers 1,240 1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers 1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers

9. “Stinking Weed” 1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco 1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to encourage development of tobacco plantations 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to encourage development of tobacco plantations Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Allows development of huge estates Allows development of huge estates 1618--House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government 1618--House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government

10. JAMESTOWN Named in honor of King James I Named in honor of King James I First permanent English settlement in North America First permanent English settlement in North America 1607- 100 colonists 1607- 100 colonists Troubled first years Troubled first years Became ill from diseasesBecame ill from diseases Promise of gold- settlers searched for treasure instead of workingPromise of gold- settlers searched for treasure instead of working ClimateClimate By January 1608, only 38 colonists remained alive By January 1608, only 38 colonists remained alive

11. JOHN SMITH “He that will not work shall not eat.”

13. JAMESTOWN AND TOBACCO No gold, so… looked to tobacco to bring wealth No gold, so… looked to tobacco to bring wealth Settlers began to own land and work hard to be successful Settlers began to own land and work hard to be successful Virginia Company wanted to attract more settlers Virginia Company wanted to attract more settlers Offered Headright and Indentured ServitudeOffered Headright and Indentured Servitude Africans arrived in 1619 Africans arrived in 1619

15. JAMESTOWN AND GOVERNMENT Settlers were frustrated with the lack of self- government Settlers were frustrated with the lack of self- government House of Burgesses to meet once a year House of Burgesses to meet once a year Began in 1619Began in 1619 Could pass laws and raise taxesCould pass laws and raise taxes With a representative government, the colony grew and succeeded With a representative government, the colony grew and succeeded Powhatan’s tribe attacked the settlement Powhatan’s tribe attacked the settlement ¼ of English were killed¼ of English were killed

16. Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America Protestants refuse to tolerate Catholics Protestants refuse to tolerate Catholics Protestants seize control in 1655 Protestants seize control in 1655

17. Reforming England in America Pilgrims Pilgrims Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, fled Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, fled Escape persecution in Holland Escape persecution in Holland 1620--Plymouth founded 1620--Plymouth founded Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts Bay 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

18. THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER  England broke away from Catholic Church  Formed Church of England  Many disagreed: called Dissenters One group called the SeparatistsOne group called the Separatists What word do you see here? What does the ending “ist” tell us? So what is a Separatist? King James persecuted them Separatists had to flee the country

19. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SEPARATISTS? Approached Virginia Company to settle in America Approached Virginia Company to settle in America Why? Why? Wanted to gain religious freedomWanted to gain religious freedom Became known as the PilgrimsBecame known as the Pilgrims

20. THE PILGRIMS FOUND PLYMOUTH  November 1620  Mayflower  Arrive off of Cape Cod, Massachusetts  Was blown off course  Called it Plymouth  Had to create their own laws  Created own agreement

21. “The Great Migration” Puritans Puritans Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter

22. THE GREAT MIGRATION 1630- Massachusetts Bay Company 1630- Massachusetts Bay Company Colony could govern itself Colony could govern itself 11 ships- 1,000 passengers 11 ships- 1,000 passengers Founded Boston- most important town in New England Founded Boston- most important town in New England Between 1630 and 1640 about 20,000 more came Between 1630 and 1640 about 20,000 more came

23. “A City on a Hill” 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family units Settlers usually came as family units Area generally healthy Area generally healthy Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community

24. “A City on a Hill” (2) Puritans establish Congregationalism Puritans establish Congregationalism a state-supported system in which each congregation is governed by local church members a state-supported system in which each congregation is governed by local church members Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes

25. “A City on a Hill” (3) Local, town governments autonomous Local, town governments autonomous Most participated in public life at town level Most participated in public life at town level Village life intensely communal Village life intensely communal Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order

26. THE PURITANS COME TO MASSACHUSETTS BAY  Late 1620s- England was troubled by religious and political conflict  Many dissenters were speaking against Church and the king The PuritansThe Puritans Did not want to break away like Separatists, wanted to reform or “purify” Did not want to break away like Separatists, wanted to reform or “purify” Faced much persecution so decided to set up a Puritan society in America Faced much persecution so decided to set up a Puritan society in America What word do you hear?

28. THE NEW ENGLAND WAY  Small communities governed by congregations  Each congregation chose its minister and set up the town  Values helped to organize society Hard workHard work EducationEducation Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government

29. Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams An extreme Separatist An extreme Separatist Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter Champions “liberty of conscience” Champions “liberty of conscience” Williams expelled to Rhode Island, 1636 Williams expelled to Rhode Island, 1636 Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State Native American rightsNative American rights

30. Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit Banished to Rhode Island by General Court Banished to Rhode Island by General Court

31. MASSACHUSETTS BAY “SEEDS” NEW ENGLAND Dissenters challenged Puritan leaders Dissenters challenged Puritan leaders Disagreements caused many to leave the colony and found other colonies Disagreements caused many to leave the colony and found other colonies Massachusetts became a “seed colony” out of which other colonies grew Massachusetts became a “seed colony” out of which other colonies grew

33. RHODE ISLAND WELCOMES DISSENTERS Salem, Massachusetts Salem, Massachusetts Roger Williams insisted that Roger Williams insisted that Colonists had no rights to Native American landsColonists had no rights to Native American lands No one should be forced to attend churchNo one should be forced to attend church Puritans should not force their religion on othersPuritans should not force their religion on others Church and state should be kept separateChurch and state should be kept separate For these beliefs, Williams was banished For these beliefs, Williams was banished 1636 he founded Rhode Island 1636 he founded Rhode Island Guaranteed religious tolerance and separation of church and stateGuaranteed religious tolerance and separation of church and state

34. RHODE ISLAND WELCOMES DISSENTERS Anne Hutchinson- another dissenter Anne Hutchinson- another dissenter Disagreed with many clergy Disagreed with many clergy Challenged church authority Challenged church authority Banished from Massachusetts Banished from Massachusetts 1638 fled to Rhode Island 1638 fled to Rhode Island

35. CONNECTICUT EXTENDS VOTING RIGHTS 1636 Thomas Hooker moved his congregation to Connecticut Valley 1636 Thomas Hooker moved his congregation to Connecticut Valley Wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 Wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639 Extended voting rights to non- church members Extended voting rights to non- church members

36. Mobility and Division New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut

37. New England Colonies, 1650

38. Diversity in the Middle Colonies New York New York New Jersey New Jersey Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Delaware Delaware

39. Middle Colonies, 1685

40. Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” Members call sect “Society of Friends” Members call sect “Society of Friends”

41. Quaker Belief and Practice Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Believed in “Inner Light” Believed in “Inner Light” Rejected idea of original sin, predestination Rejected idea of original sin, predestination Each may communicate directly with God Each may communicate directly with God Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light Persecuted as dangerous anarchists Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

42. Penn's "Holy Experiment" Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles Promotes religious toleration Promotes religious toleration Protects rights of property-less Protects rights of property-less

43. Settling Pennsylvania Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany Quaker population racked by contention Quaker population racked by contention Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals 1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware 1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware

44. THE FIGHT FOR TOLERANCE The Puritans came to America for religious freedom but… The Puritans came to America for religious freedom but… Would not offer it to othersWould not offer it to others Especially to the QuakersEspecially to the Quakers Beliefs and practices of the Quakers threatened the New England Way Beliefs and practices of the Quakers threatened the New England Way Women’s equality with menWomen’s equality with men Sermons and ministersSermons and ministers

45. PURITANS PERSECUTE QUAKERS Quakers were jailed, whipped, or banished Quakers were jailed, whipped, or banished Quakers became martyrs- one who chooses to die for a religious principle Quakers became martyrs- one who chooses to die for a religious principle Mary DyerMary Dyer Was banished and then executedWas banished and then executed Her death led to greater religious toleranceHer death led to greater religious tolerance

46. Planting the Carolinas Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake

47. THE CAROLINAS Offered religious toleration, large land grants, and political representation Offered religious toleration, large land grants, and political representation Charles Town Charles Town Refuge for Huguenots Refuge for Huguenots

48. RICE AND SLAVERY 1690s- colonists began exporting rice 1690s- colonists began exporting rice Needed a large labor force Needed a large labor force So… Imported many enslaved Africans So… Imported many enslaved Africans “Our Staple Commodity for some years has been Rice, and Tilling, planting, Hoeing, Reaping, Threshing, Pounding have all been done merely by poor slaves here” “Our Staple Commodity for some years has been Rice, and Tilling, planting, Hoeing, Reaping, Threshing, Pounding have all been done merely by poor slaves here” Letter from a South Carolina doctorLetter from a South Carolina doctor

49. Founding of Georgia Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England By 1751 a small slave colony By 1751 a small slave colony

50. GEORGIA 1732- James Oglethorpe 1732- James Oglethorpe Meant for debtors and poor to make a fresh start Meant for debtors and poor to make a fresh start Would protect colonies against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana Would protect colonies against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana Very diverse population Very diverse population EnglishEnglish GermanGerman SwissSwiss ScottishScottish But Catholics were bannedBut Catholics were banned

51. OGLETHORPE’S POLICIES Strict rules Strict rules Opposed large plantations and slavery Opposed large plantations and slavery Was fearful against slave revolts Was fearful against slave revolts Colonists were unhappy Colonists were unhappy Wanted riches and slave labor Wanted riches and slave labor Legalized slavery similar to South Carolina Legalized slavery similar to South Carolina

52. THE REGION OF THE SOUTH Climate and culture Climate and culture Soil and climate was good for tobacco, rice, and indigo Soil and climate was good for tobacco, rice, and indigo Required large labor force Required large labor force Greatest population of enslaved Africans and Native Americans Greatest population of enslaved Africans and Native Americans Great religious diversity Great religious diversity Every Southern Colony was allowed an elected representative assembly Every Southern Colony was allowed an elected representative assembly

54. Living with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to survive All colonies faced early struggle to survive Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct people Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct people