1. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 11 Preparation and Validation of Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants over Megacity Delhi Manju Mohan, Lalit Dagar Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi email: mmohan6@hotmail.com B.R. Gurjar B.R. Gurjar Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee &

2. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 22 Introduction Emission inventory is useful for air pollution control measures Emission inventory is useful for air pollution control measures It is also essential for air quality modeling It is also essential for air quality modeling

3. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 33Objectives To prepare emission inventory for total emissions of criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors in the city of Delhi. To prepare emission inventory for total emissions of criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors in the city of Delhi. The study area Delhi is located at 28.53’ N, 76.20’ E. Further, based on the total emissions of the city, to estimate gridded emissions of criteria air pollutants for air quality assessment in the city Further, based on the total emissions of the city, to estimate gridded emissions of criteria air pollutants for air quality assessment in the city Finally, the validation of the gridded emissions Finally, the validation of the gridded emissions

4. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 4 STUDY AREA

5. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 55 Source1970-711980-811990-912000-01 Industrial56%40%29%20% Vehicular23%42%64%72% Domestic21%18%7%8% Decade-wise Trend of Distribution of Various Sources Significant increase in Vehicular emissions in 3 decades Significant dec. in industrial and domestic emissions in this period

6. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 66 Emission Estimates for Greenhouse gases, ozone precursors and Particulate Matter (1990-2000) for mega-city Delhi Existing inventories focus only on a particular pollutant (s), emission source, sector or a year Existing inventories focus only on a particular pollutant (s), emission source, sector or a year Therefore, a comprehensive EI presented in support of air quality, atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. Therefore, a comprehensive EI presented in support of air quality, atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. CH 4, N 2 O,NH 3,NMVOC,NO 2,SO 2 and TSP have been estimated annually from 1990-2000. CH 4, N 2 O,NH 3,NMVOC,NO 2,SO 2 and TSP have been estimated annually from 1990-2000. Source categories are: PP, domestic, agriculture, waste treatment, transport and industrial processes.

7. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 77 Emission Trends Power plants are main source of SO 2 and TSP and CO 2 followed by the transport sector. However, in case of CO 2 domestic sector also contribute sufficiently Transport sector was the largest source for NO x, CO and NMVOC CH 4 is mainly emitted from solid waste disposal while Agriculture is the largest source of NH 3 and N 2 O. It is also found that NO x emissions are still increasing and TSP significantly violates the permissible limits.

8. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 8

9. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 9

10. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 10

11. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 1111 Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants and Identification of Emission Hotspots for Megacity Delhi

12. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 1212  Atmospheric emission inventories are important tools for air pollution modelling and environmental decision making.  An inventory provides information on the type of emission source and on the spatial and temporal variability of the respective emission.  Emissions are estimated specifically for individual air pollutants, classes of pollutants or for other substances affecting the atmosphere’s properties. Gridded Emission Inventory

13. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 1313  A Gridded Emission inventory of the following pollutants is prepared:  SO 2  NO x  PM  CO  Validation of the emissions of these criteria pollutants is performed from air quality monitoring network of CPCB Gridded Inventory

14. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 14 There are two ways of forming emission inventories: Top-down approach Bottom-up approach In the present study, a Top-down approach has been applied. The topdown approach applies the concept to a larger area, where statistical data may be more readily available Emissions are first calculated for the total area, and only subsequently distributed within the respective area using surrogate information and downscaling methods. Gridded Emission Inventory: Methodology

15. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 1515  The analysis area is divided uniformly into 173 grids of 2km x 2km grid size.  This study is based on emission data of 11 years i.e., 1990-2000.  Emissions from Power plants, transportation, industries, domestic and waste has been considered. Gridded Emission Inventory: Methodology

16. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 1616 Methodology  A Gaussian model was used to study the dispersion from these (TPP) point sources and accordingly appropriate weights were imparted to adjacent zones.  Weights were also allocated to industrial emission coming from residential grids.  Emission contours for each pollutants were drawn for all 11 years in order to identify the emission hotspots.

17. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 17 CO Emission Isopleths

18. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 18 PM Emission Isopleths

19. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 19 NO x Emission Isopleths

20. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 20 SO 2 Emission Isopleths

21. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 2121 PollutantCOPMNO x SO 2 Primary hotspots Mangolpuri ITO CP Shahadra AIIMS (> 4 Gg) ITO CP, India Gate (> 2.2 Gg) Mangolpuri ITO Shahadra AIIMS Naraina (> 2 Gg) ITO India Gate Badarpur CP (> 1.5 Gg) Secondary hotspots Karolbagh Model Town Badarpur, Okhla Vasant Vihar Gurgaon Road (2.5- 4 Gg) Karolbagh, Shahadra AIIMS Badarpur, Mangolpuri (1- 2.2 Gg) Karolbagh Model Town Okhla Badarpur Vasant Vihar Gurgaon Road Patparganj Uttam Nagar ( 1-2 Gg) Karolbagh Shahadra AIIMS Mangolpuri Model Town (0.8- 1.5 Gg)

22. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 2222 Validation  Emission from each grid is associated to the available CPCB observational sites.  The analysis area is divided into 7 zones according to the available observational sites.  This was done in order to associate emission from each grid with the corresponding observational site.  The boundaries of the 7 zones have been approximated by using stair-step grid structure.  Validation of these emission estimates was done with CPCB concentration values.  Station wise and Year wise comparison of Average Emission and Concentration is done.

23. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 23 Distribution of Analysis Area using Voronoi Polygon Technique

24. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 24 Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Delhi

25. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 2525 Average Emission vs Concentration

26. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 2626 Average Emission vs Concentration

27. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 27 PollutantCorrelation Coefficient, r SO 2 0.6859 NO X 0.7738 PM0.5818 CO0.8226 The Relationship between Predicted Emission of Each Pollutant and Observed Concentration

28. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 28 Emission Trends in Seven Sampling Stations, 1990-2000

29. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 29

30. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 30 Conclusions The emission trends show that emissions in megacity Delhi are partly associated with a strong interannual variability based on introduction of control measures, fuel shifts, changes in agricultural practice, increase in the vehicle fleet or problems within the power generation sector. A good correlation for the estimated emission inventory is obtained that shows a reasonable validation. Different approaches can be used for validation with the availability of more data.

31. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 31 Estimation of Environmental Impact due to Sulfur dioxide Emission from Thermal Power Plants in India Manju Mohan and A Azohni*, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016 INDIA *formerly M.Tech. Studennt

32. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 32 Although there has been a noticeable reduction in the pollution level of SO2 and CO but still a lot needs to be done for NOx and PM those remains above the prescribed standards. Decrease in some of the pollutants has been witnessed but the prototype/blueprint of the polluting areas remains the same i.e., the areas of high pollution still remains intact and follows the same pattern. Thus, the emission trends and air quality analysis reveal that the impact of several control measures is not very large. Conclusions (contd..)

33. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 33 Objectives Estimation of emission, concentration and deposition. To locate the regions of high concentration and deposition. Identification of power plants depositing sulfur at vulnerable ecosystems.

34. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 34 Thermal Power Plants in India There are about 83 coal fired thermal power plants in India. 47 Thermal power plants all of which are more than 300 MW are being considered

35. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 35 The RAINS-Asia Developed by IIASA through the funding of WB and ADB. Estimates the present and future sulfur emissions. Atmospheric dispersion of SO 2,, Concentration and Deposition. Impacts of emission control measures on regional sulfur deposition and SO 2 concentrations levels.

36. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 36 Locations of Emissions Picture courtesy of salon.com

37. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 37 SO 2 Emissions

38. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 38 SO 2 Concentrations 2000

39. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 39 Concentrations 2005

40. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 40 Highest Concentrations Highest at 82E Long and 24N Lat (Siddhi, Jiawan, Waldhan, Rewa) 26.5409 µ g/m3. TPPs Contributes 24.6045 µ g/m3 which makes 92.7%. Highest contribution, Singrauli 10.91 µ g/m3 (41.12% )

41. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 41 Highest Concentrations 82E Longitude and 22N Latitude, (Chhattisgarh) Bilaspur, Korba Katgora and Janjgir. 22.12166 µ g/m3 Main Source Korba STPS (14.47051 µ g/m3)

42. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 42 Concentrations

43. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 43 Concentrations at monitoring Stations

44. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 44 Concentrations at monitoring Stations

45. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 45 Concentrations Observed- CPCB Predicted- RAINS

46. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 46 Regions of High Deposition

47. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 47 Conclusions The present scenario is not so alarming- most part of the country below critical level. But if the current rate of fuel consumption increase, it could create havoc to our ecology. Though the power plants contribute a very high percentage of SO 2 concentrations at many locations, deposition at Critical ecosystem is not much due to TPP Picture courtesy of salon.com

48. Male Meeting, Oct.,2007Mohan et. al, IIT INDIA 4848