1. Lecture 0: A Short and Condensed History of Computing

2. earliest computing devices designed to aid numeric computation earliest computing devices designed to aid numeric computation abacus, first developed in Babylonia over 5,000 years ago abacus, first developed in Babylonia over 5,000 years ago Origins of Digital Computers

3. William Schickard (1592–1635), mechanical calculator William Schickard (1592–1635), mechanical calculator Blaise Pascal (1623– 1662), addition and subtraction decimal calculator Blaise Pascal (1623– 1662), addition and subtraction decimal calculator G. W. F. Leibniz (1646– 1716), “Stepped Reckoner,” full-featured calculator, (“Leibniz wheel” for multiplication) G. W. F. Leibniz (1646– 1716), “Stepped Reckoner,” full-featured calculator, (“Leibniz wheel” for multiplication) Pascaline Early Calculating Machines

4. first true pioneer of modern digital computing machines first true pioneer of modern digital computing machines built two prototype calculating machines built two prototype calculating machines Difference Engine Difference Engine Analytical Engine Analytical Engine Charles Babbage (1791–1871)

5. Charles Babbage Analytical Machine Analytical Machine He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a machine. He was explicitly inspired by Jacquard’s use of punch cards to control a machine. Unfortunately the only way to build it was using rods and gears and it was never made to work. Unfortunately the only way to build it was using rods and gears and it was never made to work. In addition, it was powered by STEAM ! In addition, it was powered by STEAM !

6. automated both the computation of tables and their printing automated both the computation of tables and their printing employed the method of differences to calculate polynomials employed the method of differences to calculate polynomials special-purpose calculating machine special-purpose calculating machine Babbage’s Difference Engine

7. World’s First Programmer Ada King, daughter of Lord Byron wrote the programs for the Difference Engine, thus making her the first programmer Ada King, daughter of Lord Byron wrote the programs for the Difference Engine, thus making her the first programmer….ever

8. Designed the first, general-purpose digital computing device Designed the first, general-purpose digital computing device Unfortunately his ideas and achieve- ments were lost on his successors Unfortunately his ideas and achieve- ments were lost on his successors Legacy of Babbage

9. 1880-1901 The Birth of the Modern Mechanical Calculator..\x100TriumphatorCNer113763.jpg..\x100TriumphatorCNer113763.jpg..\x100TriumphatorCNer113763.jpg..\x100TriumphatorCNser113763.jpg

10. Early Pocket Calculators

11. Claude Shannon 1916-2001 In 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binary In 1937, Claude Shannon introduces the concept of binary logic for use in creating digital computing machines logic for use in creating digital computing machines In 1948 he publishes “A mathematical theory of communication” which sets forth the principals for encoding information so that it might be transmitted electronically In 1948 he publishes “A mathematical theory of communication” which sets forth the principals for encoding information so that it might be transmitted electronically He is affectionately thought of as the He is affectionately thought of as the Father of the modern information age Father of the modern information age

12. designed the “Z” series of automatic general-purpose computing machines designed the “Z” series of automatic general-purpose computing machines electro-mechanical devices electro-mechanical devices binary internal encoding binary internal encoding Z3 (1941) was programmed using punched 35mm film Z3 (1941) was programmed using punched 35mm film Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)

13. led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI Alan M. Turing (1912–1954)

14. The Enigma Machine Invented in 1918, it was the most sophisticated code system of its day, and was a priority of the Allies to decipher before D-Day so that they could be certain that they had fooled the Germans about the Invasion of France Invented in 1918, it was the most sophisticated code system of its day, and was a priority of the Allies to decipher before D-Day so that they could be certain that they had fooled the Germans about the Invasion of France

15. constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages Alan Turing and his Colossus

16. IBM Harvard Mark I- 1944 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator after installation at Harvard University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator after installation at Harvard University, 1944. It is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts, including 72 accumulators and 60 sets of rotary switches

17. John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvannia John W. Mauchly (1907–1980) and J. Presper Eckert (1919– ) headed the ENIAC team at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvannia ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), the first electronic general-purpose digital computer commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables commissioned by the Army for computing ballistic firing tables Mauchly and Eckert

18. noted for massive scale and redundant design noted for massive scale and redundant design decimal internal coding decimal internal coding operational in 1946 operational in 1946 ENIAC

19. manual programming of boards, switches, and “function table”manual programming of boards, switches, and “function table” ENIAC

21. Early Computer Programming was slow, tedious and repetitious

22. Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944 Von Neumann visits the Moore School in 1944 prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC) prepares a draft for an automatic programmable device (later called EDVAC) “stored program” concept “stored program” concept publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in 1946 publishes ideas (with Goldstine and Burks) in 1946 designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) machine which became operational in 1951 designed the IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies) machine which became operational in 1951 John Von Neumann (1903– 1954)

23. “stored program” “stored program” serial uniprocessor design serial uniprocessor design binary internal encoding binary internal encoding CPU–Memory–I/O orgranization CPU–Memory–I/O orgranization “fetch-decode- execute” instruction cycle “fetch-decode- execute” instruction cycle Von Neumann Architecture

24. The First real “Computer Scientist” 1906-1992 The First real “Computer Scientist” 1906-1992 Invented the first Compiler because she was tired of doing it by hand. Vastly improved programming speed and efficiency Invented the first Compiler because she was tired of doing it by hand. Vastly improved programming speed and efficiency ContentsContents | Next Contents | Next Contents | Next

25. first commercial general-purpose computer system first commercial general-purpose computer system delivered in 1951 delivered in 1951 used to forecast the 1952 presidential election used to forecast the 1952 presidential election UNIVAC I

26. Even in the 1950’s, computers got smaller over time Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s Four different generations of tube computer circuits showing the reduction in size over several generations of systems during the 1950’s

28. Early Bell Labs Transistor 1947 / 1952 “The most important invention of the 20 th century…”

29. What was the first thing that we built with this miraculous new technology?

30. A hearing aid ! ….1953 Zenith Royal-T “Tubeless” hearing aid. 3” tall, 2.5” widexdftrd A prehistoric iPod?

31. Followed immediately by the first “pocket radio” in 1954

32. Jack Kilby - Invents the Integrated Circuit at TI….1957 First commercial use of the IC was in a pocket calculator - 1961

33. built using solid-state circuitry built using solid-state circuitry family of computer systems with backward compatibility family of computer systems with backward compatibility established the standard for mainframes for a decade established the standard for mainframes for a decade 1960’s….IBM System/360

34. Gordon Bell, Father of the Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation Developed the first “Mini” computers 1960-83 Developed the first “Mini” computers 1960-83 Brought computing to small businesses Brought computing to small businesses Created major competition for IBM, UNIVAC, who only built Mainframes at the time Created major competition for IBM, UNIVAC, who only built Mainframes at the time

35. “minicomputers” “minicomputers” offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost offered mainframe performance at a fraction of the cost PDP-8 introduced at $20,000! Vs. $1M for a Mainframe PDP-8 introduced at $20,000! Vs. $1M for a Mainframe DEC PDP series

36. IBM fights back! IBM 1130, their “small” computer, designed to compete with DEC’s minis IBM 1130, their “small” computer, designed to compete with DEC’s minis

37. First developed in the late 1970’s First developed in the late 1970’s high-performance systems used for scientific applications high-performance systems used for scientific applications advanced special purpose designs advanced special purpose designs Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, NEC, IBM and others Specialized Supercomputers

38. Intel 4004 Microprocessor - 1972 First commercially available micro- processor – first used in a programmable calculator First commercially available micro- processor – first used in a programmable calculator This technology made the personal computer possible This technology made the personal computer possible Contained 2300 transistors and ran at 100 khz Contained 2300 transistors and ran at 100 khz

39. Microprocessors Microprocessors all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs all-in-one designs, performance/price tradeoffs aimed at mass audiences aimed at mass audiences personal computers personal computers workstations workstations Desktop and Portable Computers 1975-

40. Altair 8080, the first kit micro computer…1975

42. Bill Gates Altair Video

44. Developed in the family garage, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the First Apple Computer 1976

45. Radio Shack TRS-80, 1978 The first plug and play personal computer available at retail The first plug and play personal computer available at retail Programmed in BASIC Programmed in BASIC Very successful Very successful Very affordable Very affordable Limited commercial software Limited commercial software Created a cottage industry Created a cottage industry

46. The Apple II - 1978 The first commercially available Apple The first commercially available Apple Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the Spread- sheet program called Visicalc which ran on the Apple II Initially sold to Wall St. bankers who wanted the Spread- sheet program called Visicalc which ran on the Apple II Put Apple on the Map Put Apple on the Map

47. The Osborne 1 - 1981 The first “portable” personal computer The first “portable” personal computer Came with lot’s of software bundled Came with lot’s of software bundled Only weighed about 40 lbs and sold for $1795 Only weighed about 40 lbs and sold for $1795 Note the large 5” screen! Note the large 5” screen!

48. IBM PC - 1982 IBM’s first PC IBM’s first PC Signaled a significant shift for the giant manufacturer Signaled a significant shift for the giant manufacturer Established a new standard which is still being built on today Established a new standard which is still being built on today Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft Operating system written by Bill Gates & Co. at Microsoft

49. The Computer Company that Wasn’t, Xerox Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) Many of the innovations that became part of the Personal Computer scene were actually invented at XEROX Parc (Palo Alto Research Center) Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG, Xerox was never able to successfully exploit those innovations that included the mouse, graphic user interface and the concept of WYSIWYG, (What you see is what you get) (What you see is what you get)

50. Apple MacIntosh - 1984 First PC with GUI interface First PC with GUI interface Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox Adopted from the work that was done at Xerox Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People” Designed to be a computer appliance for “Real People” Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl Introduced at the 1984 Superbowl

51. Video MacIntosh 1984 Superbowl Ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYec fV3ubP8

52. 1984 MacIntosh Ad Directed by Ridley Scott Directed by Ridley Scott (Alien, Blade Runner)(Alien, Blade Runner) Cost $1.5 M Cost $1.5 M Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at a cost of $500K Shown ONCE during ‘84 Superbowl at a cost of $500K Considered to be the best TV ad ever! Considered to be the best TV ad ever! Launched the Mac in grand style! Launched the Mac in grand style! http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/adclas s/1984.apple_ad.mov http://www.uiowa.edu/~commstud/adclas s/1984.apple_ad.mov

53. Just Some of the Companies that defined the Personal Computer Business early on Xerox Xerox IBM IBM Commodore Commodore Texas Instrument Texas Instrument Osborne Osborne MITS MITS AT&T AT&T Compaq CompaqToshibaHitachiSinclair Hewlett Packard SonyAppleMicrosoftSWTP

54. How do they rate in cost and performance? Comparison Shopping

55. In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 24 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time). Amazing visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s. –2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971 –42 Million, 2 GHz clock (Intel P4) - 2001 –140 Million transistor (HP PA-8500) Moore’s Law Source: Intel web page (www.intel.com)

56. Clock Frequency Lead microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years P6 Pentium ® proc 486 386 286 8086 8085 8080 8008 4004 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 19701980199020002010 Year Frequency (Mhz) 2X every 2 years Courtesy, Intel

57. Growth Speed of Key Technologies Obeys Moore’s Law

58. Today’s Price/Performance Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000 Over 3 Billion adds per second costs less than $1000 Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not Kilobytes Memory is measured in Megabytes/Gigabytes….not Kilobytes Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes or Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytes Magnetic Storage is measured in Gigabytes, not Megabytes or Kilobytes…soon to be Terabytes Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not Kilobits or even lower Communications speeds are measured in Megabits per second, not Kilobits or even lower And so it continues !!! And so it continues !!!

59. Web Resources for Computing History http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/t http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/t http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyc lo/update/comp_hd.html http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyc lo/update/comp_hd.html http://www.hitmill.com/computers/c omputerhx1.html http://www.hitmill.com/computers/c omputerhx1.html

60. Questions?