1. Alan W. Aldrich I. D. Weeks Library University of South Dakota

2. Analysis of different models of reference Design of a collaborative workstation Easily implemented Inexpensive Appreciated by patrons and librarians Multiple uses

3. AccessAccuracy AuthorityIndividualism InstructionKnowledge TimelinessThoroughness

4. Structure + Values = Outcomes

5. Traditional Reference Desk/Station Teaching Library Model Roving Reference

6. Physical desk or station Computer workstation(s) Synchronous in location Synchronous in time

7. Access Accuracy Individualism Knowledge Timeliness

8. Instruction is deemphasized Thoroughness is deemphasized Reference librarian as expert Patron is dependent (Doherty, 2006). Lack of co-browsing or collaboration Lack of socially constructed knowledge Lack of active learning

9. Computer equipped classroom One workstation per student Master workstation under control of librarian Synchronous in time Synchronous in place (physically) Asynchronous in the search space

10. Authority Critical Thinking Knowledge Instruction Thoroughness

11. Values of accuracy, timeliness, and individualism deemphasized Control/expertise paradigm reinforced Lack of socially constructed knowledge ala Vygotsky Lack of active learning

12. Lack of a fixed desk or supplements a traditional reference point Mobile devices to extend the reach of reference Devices located near the stacks Dedicated staffing

13. Access Accuracy Individualization Knowledge Timeliness

14. Meeting patrons at the point of need Meeting patrons at the place of need Opportunities for collaboration i.e., co- browsing Very short interactions Need to pass patron off to a traditional reference desk Instruction is deemphasized

15. Email reference Instant Messenger (IM) reference Chat reference

16. Asynchronous for location Asynchronous for time Loss of most communication channels Loss of question negotiation (Pomerantz, 2005)

17. Access Accuracy Individualism Timeliness

18. Can be a long delay Good for questions Not as good for detailed help due to asynchronous response times Instruction not valued due to timeliness concerns Thoroughness not always valued

19. Freeware or commercial software Asynchronous for location Synchronous for time Loss of most communication channels

20. Access Accuracy Individualism Timeliness

21. Immediate and real time interaction Good for quick questions/short answers Uses the tools younger patrons are familiar with Interaction limited to only text, hypertext links, files, and emoticons Question negotiation (Pomerantz, 2005) is limited Instruction deemphasized

22. Asynchronous location Synchronous communication Some to many communication channels available Shared interface

23. Access Accuracy Individualism Instruction(facilitated by the structure) Thoroughness

24. Can enable co-browsing Immediate and real time interaction Potential for real collaboration and interactive learning High costs of software and training Dual staffing - need to have chat ref separate from the physical reference desk (Pomerantz, 2005).

25. to facilitate instruction? that is simple? that is inexpensive? that is practical? that supports the values of reference?

26. Doherty, J. (2006). Reference interview or reference dialog? Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 11(3), 97-109. Pomerantz, J.(2005). A conceptual framework and open research questions for chat-based reference service. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 56(12), 1288- 1302. Tyckoson, D. A. (2001). What is the best model of reference service? Library Trends, 50(2), 183-196.