1. Sarosh Sattar November 28, 2011 Europe and Central Asia Region The World Bank

2. Outline  Motivation and Objective  Economic context  Education  Labor market outcomes  Entrepreneurship  Concluding remarks

3. Motivation and Objective  Motivation  Rapid growth, so who was benefiting?  Big crisis, so who was hurt?  Objective  Do women and men have comparable outcomes in key economic spheres in ECA?  If not, what are the potential sources of the differences?

4. Motivation: The Economic Context Economic growth, Sectoral contributions, and Demographic profile

5. ECA economic growth was robust ECA grew robustly compared to LAC and the world average. ECA grew well above the global average

6. The ascendance of the services sector Globally, the importance of services sectors grew in GDP while the share of agriculture and services shrank

7. ECA’s population is older and aging Though ECA ‘s population currently is more in their prime age years, it is because of fewer children.

8. Human Capital Academic performance, School enrollments, and Fields of study

9. Small enrollment gender gaps in ECA The gender gap in ECA is minimal and comparable to high income OECD countries.

10. International comparison of academic performance, 2009 The gender gap in academic performance is small and on average girls do better than boys

11. More women than men go to university Women’s gross tertiary enrollment rates exceed those of men – and higher incomes will only accentuate this inequality.

12. Fields of study With the exception of sciences and engineering, female students out numbered male students in other fields.

13. Labor market outcomes

14. ECA’s labor force participation rates Globally there is a gender gap. ECA’s female and male labor force participation rates are well below the high income OECD averages High income OECD averages, by gender

15. Labor force participation rates were stagnant ECA’s participation rates stayed stagnant despite high economic growth.

16. Employment by sector in ECA, 2008 The majority of women employees are in the services sector which is the growing sector of the economy. 66% of women work in services

17. Number of jobs lost or gained by sector, 1999-2008 Though men and women gained more or less an equal number of the new jobs over the last decade, women’s gains were almost all in the services sector.

18. Occupations by gender Women disproportion- ately pursue professional & technical jobs compared to men. 39% of women are professionals or technicians

19. Raw gender wage gap The gender wage gap is large. Moreover, once corrected for human capital it is very larger.

20. Gender Gap in time use (in number of hours per day) Women in ECA are involved more in domestic activities than men and less than

21. Relatively few young children in ECA are in childcare Formal childcare in ECA is not prevalent

22. Relatively few young children in ECA are in childcare In ECA, women with children decrease their participation in the labor force significantly

23. Entrepreneurship

24. Business activity is relatively modest New business activity is low in ECA compared to other regions of the world

25. Women employers Yet, the gender gap is still large

26. Female firm ownership by sector

27. Women participate in the private sector but are poorly represented in key roles This is for registered firms with 5 or more employees

28. Some findings about female owned firms  They are smaller in size whether in terms of sales revenues or employees  Women-owned firms concentrate in different sectors than male-owned firms.  Female-owned firms are as profitable as male owned firms holding firm characteristics constant.  Female owned firms pay a slightly higher interest rate than men (0.6%).

29. Concluding remarks

30. Overarching messages  Europe and Central Asia’s gender advantage is eroding and the rest of the world is catching up rapidly.  The last decade opened up opportunities for women and took away some for men, but occupational segregation and wage disparities hinder women’s progress.  The demographic transition has large and different implications for men and women in many areas including pensions and labor markets.