1. Chapter 3
Infancy and Childhood

2. Physical, Perceptual and Language Development
Developmental psychology - changes that occur as an individual matures
Grasping reflex - infants clinging response to a touch (born with this)
Rooting reflex - infants clinging response to a touch

3. Physical Develoment Avg. weight 7.5 lbs. (95% - 5.5-10 lbs)
Maturation - the internally programmed growth of a child
Figure 3.2 on page 64 shows average physical and motor development (raise head 2 months, walking 12.1 months)
Infants prefer to look at human faces and patterned materials
Visual cliff - Depth perception (learned)
very young crawlers would crawl right
over the glass.

4. Development of language
Is language learned or inborn?
Language is easier early in life
1. Make signs
2. Learn the meaning of the signs
3. Grammar
Telegraphic speech - verbal utterances of children, words are left out but you still know the meaning “Daddy Fall Down”
Language chart p. 68
1 yr - baba, 2 yr - more ball, 3 yr - Don’t go, 4 yr -Why is Jenny crying, 5 yr - I see what you did

5. Section 2 - Cognitive and Emotional Development
Cognitive Development - intellectual development
Schema - mental representations of the world
- needed for young kids to understand the world, or for anyone to understand a new concept
Assimilation - try to fit a new object into the schema
Accommodation - we change our schema to fit a new object
(stacking a block example)
Object permanence - something exists without being able to touch or see it

6. Sect. 2 continued
Representational thought - picture something in the mind
Conservation - quantity doesn’t change when appearance does (cup example)
Egocentric - young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective
Imprinting - Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli (baby geese)
Critical period - a time in development when skills are learned easily

7. Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development
1 - Sensorimotor (Birth - 2)
- smile, lift head, grasp, obtain desired objects
2. Preoperational (Age 2 - 7)
acquiring language, creative play, can’t tell the difference between real and imagination
3. Concrete Operational (Age )
conversation, may have changed shape but still there, cause and effect
4. Formal operations (12 - adult)
think abstract and scientifically, invision things, see risks and benefits, think logical and deduct things

8. Sect. 3 - Parenting Styles
4 types:
1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Uninvolved
4. Democratic / authoritative - confident of their own values
Positive features of #4
Establish limits, warmth and support, assume responsibility gradually, children identify with parents

9. Sect. 3 continued
Child abuse million cases reported ( low birth weight / special needs)
Socialization - learning rules of behavior for your culture
boys v. girls (rules can be unclear)
FREUD - stages of development
1. Oral stage (8-18 months)
pleasure from mouth
2. Anal stage (11/2 - 3)
functions of elimination , potty training
3. Phallic Stage (3 - 6 )
pleasure from genitals , rival for parent of the opposite sex , identify with aggressor Boy = father

10. Freud continued 4. Latency stage - 6 to puberty
sublimination - sexual thoughts repressed, develops social and intellectual skills
5. Genital stage - puberty - adult
sexual desires renewed
build relationships