1. REFERENCE SURFACE LTJG Anthony Klemm and Prof. Shachak Pe’eri LAB 3

2. Overview Lab work Lab 1: SETTING UP THE WORKSPACE (ARCMAP) Lab 2: LOADING THE DATASETS INTO THE PROJECT Lab 3: REFERENCE SURFACE Lab 4: BATHYMETRIC DIFFERENCE LAYER Lab 5: VESSEL TRAFFIC LAYER Lab 6: HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS LAYER Lab 7: CHART ADEQUACY

3. DTM models - scales The boundaries separating different spatial and temporal scales are not very clear and they may vary with individual processes and/or landscapes /bathy J.P. Wilson and J. C. Gallant, 2000. Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications Wiley, pp. 479.

4. Topo/bathy scales

5. Tasks associated with DEM 5

6. Sources for generating a surface Single specific point elevation data:  Lead line measurements  Field surveying (GPS, laser scanner) Contour data:  Digitization of existing charts and topographic maps. Remote sensed data:  Sonar (single beam, MBES, and interferometry)  Photogrammetry (stereoscopic interpretation)  Lidar (topographic lidar, airborne lidar bathyetry)  Radar remote sensing (InSAR)

7. Data structures Conventional grids Triangulated irregular networks (TIN) Contours GridTINContour

8. Childs, C., 2004, Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcUser July-September.

9. DEM interpolation methods Triangulation (TIN) Local surface patches Local adaptive gridding

10. TIN example

11. Childs, C., 2004, Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcUser July-September. DEM interpolation methods

12. Raster and Vector Representation (point cloud versus an array) Benefits (representation, size and processing time) Limitations (representation, size and processing time)

13. Raster versus vector (In ArcMap) RasterVector

14. Chart soundings versus a smooth sheet Chart soundings are a subset of the smooth sheet (or fair sheet) soundings cartographically chosen to represent depths of the sea floor between contours to support safe surface navigation.

15. Reference Surface (Charted Depth) The water depth also contributed to the adequacy level of the chart. For example, bathymetric change between two surveys in within a depth range of 5 to 10 m is more critical that changes at a depth changes that occur with 50 to 60 m. Accordingly, classified results will be normalized with depth. Unless recent hydrographic surveys are available and not incorporated into the chart, the reference depth will be derived based on the smooth sheet or chat soundings and contours (if smooth sheet is not available).