1. IPM : Overview and Key Principles William Settle, Ph.D UNFAO Agricultural Production Division Rome, Italy

2. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001 Rice Pesticides (USD$ Million) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Paddy Production (Million M Tons) Chemical Insecticides : Are They Really Needed in Intensified Agriculture ? Source FAO $150 million / year Subsidies on Pesticides Eliminated 1987 – 89

3. INSECTICIDE - INDUCED RESURGENCE 01020304050607080 Herbivore Parasite 0 150 300 450 600 750 Northwest Java Untreated Mean per square meter Days After Transplanting 1020304050607080 1093 0 150 300 450 600 750 FAAF A F Neutrals Predator Carbofuran Azodrin Treated 0 2 4 6 Non-Treated Treated Mean yield: tons/ha

4. Ibrahim Sogaba, Niono Mali Age: 25 Working in Fathers kiosk since : Age 8

5. Insecticides = Food Security Chemical What is Needed : Capacity Building for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals and assessment of Human Health Risks Better Evaluations of Farming Systems looking at the full range of Economic and non-Economic Indicators

6. Chemical Control (1950s) Classical Biocontrol (Late 19 th Century) Conservation Biocontrol (1990s) “Rational Use” (1980s) Other Alternatives to Chemicals Hormone Analogs Mating Disruption Insect Diseases Mechanical Control Host-plant Resistance IPM (1960s)

7. Biological Control The reduction of pest populations by natural enemies typically involving an active human role Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University

8. Classical Biological Control The practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) pest, although it is also practiced against native insect pests. Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University

9. Conservation Biological Control Habitat Management to Provide Conditions that Promote Biological Control Based on: Understanding Community Food Webs Manipulating Habitats to create Refuge Understanding how Landscapes act as “Filters” for large-scale and long-term movement of organisms

11. Other Alternatives to Chemicals Hormone Analogs Mating Disruption Insect Diseases Mechanical Control Host-plant Resistance NP Virus on Spodoptera Exigua on Onions in Indonesia Photo Credit: Dr. Merle Shepard, Clemson University

12. IPM AGRONOMY Soil Management Water Management Planting Density Seeds Community Based Training ( Farmer Field Schools ) MARKETING Cooperatives Self Financing “Warrantage” Farmer Business Schools IVM POST CONFLICT & HIV-AIDS Junior Farmer Field Schools Rice – Fish Aquaculture IPM : A Natural Entry Point to Community-Based Training = IPPM

13. Feeding the Policy Debate International Forums National & Regional Legislative Bodies Local IPPM + Environmental Monitoring Capacity Building Health Risk Assessment

14. Farmer Field Schools More than 50 Countries World-Wide 7 Countries in West Africa, 55,000 Farmers trained; Targeting 250,000 in next 4 years Substantial reductions / elimination of chemical pesticide use Substantial increases in yields and profits

15. Good Alternatives Exist ! At this point we would benefit from : Understanding and Demonstrating the Real Costs Associated with Chemical Pesticides Commitment by Governments and Donors to Raising Awareness in the General Population and in large- scale Training of Farmers

16. For more information contact: William Settle william.settle@fao.org Thank You