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IPM : Overview and Key Principles William Settle, Ph.D UNFAO Agricultural Production Division Rome, Italy
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001 Rice Pesticides (USD$ Million) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Paddy Production (Million M Tons) Chemical Insecticides : Are They Really Needed in Intensified Agriculture ? Source FAO $150 million / year Subsidies on Pesticides Eliminated 1987 – 89
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INSECTICIDE - INDUCED RESURGENCE 01020304050607080 Herbivore Parasite 0 150 300 450 600 750 Northwest Java Untreated Mean per square meter Days After Transplanting 1020304050607080 1093 0 150 300 450 600 750 FAAF A F Neutrals Predator Carbofuran Azodrin Treated 0 2 4 6 Non-Treated Treated Mean yield: tons/ha
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Ibrahim Sogaba, Niono Mali Age: 25 Working in Fathers kiosk since : Age 8
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Insecticides = Food Security Chemical What is Needed : Capacity Building for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals and assessment of Human Health Risks Better Evaluations of Farming Systems looking at the full range of Economic and non-Economic Indicators
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Chemical Control (1950s) Classical Biocontrol (Late 19 th Century) Conservation Biocontrol (1990s) “Rational Use” (1980s) Other Alternatives to Chemicals Hormone Analogs Mating Disruption Insect Diseases Mechanical Control Host-plant Resistance IPM (1960s)
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Biological Control The reduction of pest populations by natural enemies typically involving an active human role Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
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Classical Biological Control The practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) pest, although it is also practiced against native insect pests. Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
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Conservation Biological Control Habitat Management to Provide Conditions that Promote Biological Control Based on: Understanding Community Food Webs Manipulating Habitats to create Refuge Understanding how Landscapes act as “Filters” for large-scale and long-term movement of organisms
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Other Alternatives to Chemicals Hormone Analogs Mating Disruption Insect Diseases Mechanical Control Host-plant Resistance NP Virus on Spodoptera Exigua on Onions in Indonesia Photo Credit: Dr. Merle Shepard, Clemson University
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IPM AGRONOMY Soil Management Water Management Planting Density Seeds Community Based Training ( Farmer Field Schools ) MARKETING Cooperatives Self Financing “Warrantage” Farmer Business Schools IVM POST CONFLICT & HIV-AIDS Junior Farmer Field Schools Rice – Fish Aquaculture IPM : A Natural Entry Point to Community-Based Training = IPPM
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Feeding the Policy Debate International Forums National & Regional Legislative Bodies Local IPPM + Environmental Monitoring Capacity Building Health Risk Assessment
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Farmer Field Schools More than 50 Countries World-Wide 7 Countries in West Africa, 55,000 Farmers trained; Targeting 250,000 in next 4 years Substantial reductions / elimination of chemical pesticide use Substantial increases in yields and profits
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Good Alternatives Exist ! At this point we would benefit from : Understanding and Demonstrating the Real Costs Associated with Chemical Pesticides Commitment by Governments and Donors to Raising Awareness in the General Population and in large- scale Training of Farmers
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For more information contact: William Settle william.settle@fao.org Thank You
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