1. Mock Exam Feedback Core Studies

2. Cognitive studies: Loftus IV: word in critical question: “About how fast were the cars going when they…..each other” IV: word in critical question: “About how fast were the cars going when they…..each other” Manipulated through the use of 5 different verbs, one given to each group: smashed, collided, bumped, contacted, hit Manipulated through the use of 5 different verbs, one given to each group: smashed, collided, bumped, contacted, hit

3. Baron-Cohen Adults with Tourette’s syndrome. 8 males, 2 females, above average intelligence Adults with Tourette’s syndrome. 8 males, 2 females, above average intelligence Adults with Asperger’s syndrome (High Functioning Autism)13 males, 3 females Adults with Asperger’s syndrome (High Functioning Autism)13 males, 3 females “Normal” adults, above average intelligence. 25 males, 25 females “Normal” adults, above average intelligence. 25 males, 25 females N.B. You are only asked to describe 2!! So don’t waste your time! N.B. You are only asked to describe 2!! So don’t waste your time!

4. Savage-Rumbaugh Pygmy chimps acquired the use of symbols, rather than being taught/trained Pygmy chimps acquired the use of symbols, rather than being taught/trained They could differentiate between juice and coke, rather than just using the symbol for drink They could differentiate between juice and coke, rather than just using the symbol for drink Their utterances seemed to show the beginning of sentence structure. Their utterances seemed to show the beginning of sentence structure.

5. Developmental: Samuel & Bryant Older children are more able to conserve than young children Older children are more able to conserve than young children The one question group was used to investigate whether Piaget’s methodology was flawed: were the children’s incorrect answers a response to the demand characteristic of being asked the same question twice? The one question group was used to investigate whether Piaget’s methodology was flawed: were the children’s incorrect answers a response to the demand characteristic of being asked the same question twice?

6. Bandura The children’s aggression was aroused by firstly being allowed to play with some nice toys and then being told after 2 minutes that they were reserved for some other children. The children’s aggression was aroused by firstly being allowed to play with some nice toys and then being told after 2 minutes that they were reserved for some other children. It was necessary to get all the children to the same level of aggression so that the effect of the models on the children could be clearly seen e.g. would the children who had watched the non- aggressive model now inhibit their aggressive feelings? It was necessary to get all the children to the same level of aggression so that the effect of the models on the children could be clearly seen e.g. would the children who had watched the non- aggressive model now inhibit their aggressive feelings?

7. Freud Desire for mother and fear of father, specifically of being castrated Desire for mother and fear of father, specifically of being castrated Talcum powder incident: note she did NOT touch his widdler but he indicates that he would like her to! Talcum powder incident: note she did NOT touch his widdler but he indicates that he would like her to! Giraffe dream: note that this is explicitly interpreted by Freud as involving a sexual act!! Giraffe dream: note that this is explicitly interpreted by Freud as involving a sexual act!!

8. Social: Milgram Sample: white, male Americans from the area of New Haven. 20-50 years old from a range of occupations. Not students. Sample: white, male Americans from the area of New Haven. 20-50 years old from a range of occupations. Not students. Ethnocentric/androcentric therefore not representative and cannot be generalised to other cultures/females. Ethnocentric/androcentric therefore not representative and cannot be generalised to other cultures/females.

9. Reicher and Haslam Self selecting or volunteer sample responding to adverts in national newspapers and leaflets.(332) Self selecting or volunteer sample responding to adverts in national newspapers and leaflets.(332) Screened down to 27 most “normal” using psychometric tests, assessment by clinical psychologists and medical and character references. Screened down to 27 most “normal” using psychometric tests, assessment by clinical psychologists and medical and character references. Final 15 chosen to ensure diversity of age, social class, ethnic background Final 15 chosen to ensure diversity of age, social class, ethnic background

10. Piliavin Deception Deception Right to withdraw Right to withdraw Consent Consent Protection of participants Protection of participants Debriefing Debriefing You only need to refer to 2 of these but you must explain them with specific reference to the study for 4 marks! You only need to refer to 2 of these but you must explain them with specific reference to the study for 4 marks!

11. Rosenhan Pseudopatients were diagnosed as having schizophrenia(11) and manic depression(1) Pseudopatients were diagnosed as having schizophrenia(11) and manic depression(1) Because of the “stickiness of diagnostic labelling”. It is virtually impossible to shake off the label of being diagnosed as mentally ill and your behaviour will be interpreted accordingly. Note the discharge label of “schizophrenia in remission”. Because of the “stickiness of diagnostic labelling”. It is virtually impossible to shake off the label of being diagnosed as mentally ill and your behaviour will be interpreted accordingly. Note the discharge label of “schizophrenia in remission”.

12. Thigpen and Cleckley We cannot generalise the findings, as there was only a sample of one and Eve’s may be a unique case. We cannot generalise the findings, as there was only a sample of one and Eve’s may be a unique case. The findings may be accused of being highly subjective i.e. biased towards the interpretation of the psychiatrists The findings may be accused of being highly subjective i.e. biased towards the interpretation of the psychiatrists N.B. What do you notice about these 2 points? N.B. What do you notice about these 2 points?

13. Section B a) Note the word “briefly”: only 2 marks given! a) Note the word “briefly”: only 2 marks given! b) First part is abut the sampling technique, second part could be about either the technique or the sample itself. Here you should use PEC technique when referring to the advantage. You MUST refer to the study in your example (E)! b) First part is abut the sampling technique, second part could be about either the technique or the sample itself. Here you should use PEC technique when referring to the advantage. You MUST refer to the study in your example (E)!

14. Section B: c) Refer to IV/DV Refer to IV/DV Levels of control Levels of control Standardised procedure and replicability Standardised procedure and replicability Lack of ecological validity due to artificiality Lack of ecological validity due to artificiality Presence of demand characteristics Presence of demand characteristics Necessity for deception (in experiments on social behaviour) Necessity for deception (in experiments on social behaviour)

15. Section B: d) PEC x 2. Most people lost marks here as they did not give an example from the study PEC x 2. Most people lost marks here as they did not give an example from the study One disadvantage of experiments is a lack of ecological validity as experiments tend to be artificial situations as they are so controlled. An example is the use of pictures of eyes in the eye test, rather than using real people. As this is not ecologically valid, the results cannot be generalised to real life. One disadvantage of experiments is a lack of ecological validity as experiments tend to be artificial situations as they are so controlled. An example is the use of pictures of eyes in the eye test, rather than using real people. As this is not ecologically valid, the results cannot be generalised to real life.

16. Section B: e) and f) Good example of where you needed to read on to the next question!! Good example of where you needed to read on to the next question!! Try to think of a number of suggestions and try to ELABORATE! Don’t just say “an older sample” but specify age! Try to think of a number of suggestions and try to ELABORATE! Don’t just say “an older sample” but specify age! The “implications” could be in terms of results but could also be evaluative comments such as “this would make the results more generalisable/ecologically valid” etc. The “implications” could be in terms of results but could also be evaluative comments such as “this would make the results more generalisable/ecologically valid” etc.

17. Section C a) Assumption: prepare one of these for every area of research! a) Assumption: prepare one of these for every area of research! b) Make sure you focus on key terms here and refer to the relevant study explicitly. e.g. Bandura, modelling, Social Learning theory b) Make sure you focus on key terms here and refer to the relevant study explicitly. e.g. Bandura, modelling, Social Learning theory c) Think about your choice here! Stages of development would be a good comparison: S&B and Freud! c) Think about your choice here! Stages of development would be a good comparison: S&B and Freud!

18. Section C c) In studying developmental stages, we can either trace children continuously in what kind of a study? c) In studying developmental stages, we can either trace children continuously in what kind of a study? A longitudinal one e.g. Little Hans A longitudinal one e.g. Little Hans Or, what can we do? Or, what can we do? To study some 5,6,7,8 year olds would be to carry out a cross- sectional study. e.g. S & B To study some 5,6,7,8 year olds would be to carry out a cross- sectional study. e.g. S & B What are the pros and cons of these different approaches? What are the pros and cons of these different approaches?

19. Section C As this is a 12mark question, you really need to make time for this! As this is a 12mark question, you really need to make time for this! PEC x 4 PEC x 4 Did you give a specific example for each point? Did you give a specific example for each point? Did you revise for this question? Did you revise for this question? You MUST prepare for this! You MUST prepare for this! We have not yet done this for the psychodynamic approach or for the physiological approach We have not yet done this for the psychodynamic approach or for the physiological approach The developmental and physiological approaches are 99% unlikely to turn up in May! So revise the others well! The developmental and physiological approaches are 99% unlikely to turn up in May! So revise the others well!