1. Kate McAteer

2. Organization of Nervous Systems 48.1  Invertebrate nervous systems range in complexity from nerve nets to brains and nerve cords  Vertebrates have a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and a peripheral nervous system

3. Information Processing 48.1  PNS nerves transmit sensory and motor signals  CNS integrates information  Nervous systems process info in 3 stages:  Sensory Input  Integration  Motor output to effector cells

4. Neuron Structure 48.1  Dendrites  Axon  Variety of shapes

5. Ion Pumps and Ion Channels 48.2  Membrane potential  Resting potential  Nerve impulses

6. Hyper/De – Polarization + Action Potential 48.3  Hyperpolarization: increase in magnitude of membrane potential Vs.  Depolarization: decrease…  Action potential: brief ‘all or none’ depolarization of a neuron’s plasma membrane

7. Direct Synaptic Transmission 48.4  Neurotransmitter binds to gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, producing an EPSP or IPSP  After release, neuro. is taken up by surrounding cells or is degraded by enzymes  Single neuron has many synapses on its dendrites and cell body

8. Indirect Synaptic Transmission 48.4  Binding of a neurotransmitter to some receptors activates signal transduction pathways, which produce slowly developing but long lasting effects in the postsynaptic cell

9. Neurotransmitters 48.4  Same neurotransmitter can produce different effects on different types of cells  Well known: acetylcholine, biogenic amines, various amino acids and peptides, some gases

10. PNS 48.5  Consists of paired cranial and spinal nerves and associated ganglia  Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (3 divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and enteric division)

11. Embryonic Development of Brain 48.5  Vertebrate brain develops from 3 regions:  Forebrain (most expansive growth)  Midbrain  Hindbrain

12. Brainstem + Cerebrum 48.5  Cerebrum:  Two hemispheres which are important in learning and planning  Brainstem:  Controls homeostatic functions such as breathing rate, sensory and motor signals, and regulates arousal and sleep  Medulla oblongata, Pons, Midbrain

13. Cerebellum + Diencephalon 48.5  Diencephalon:  Thalamus is main center  Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and basic survival behaviors  Cerebellum:  Helps coordinate motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions  Involved in learning and remembering motor skills

14. Four Lobes 48.6  Frontal  Essential for understanding language  Temporal  Essential for understanding language  Occipital  Parietal

15. Diseases 48.7  Schizophrenia (hallucinations)  Depression (incl. bipolar disorder)  Alzheimer’s (senile plaques form in brain)  Parkinson’s (death of dopamine secreting neurons)

16. Sources http://qwickstep.com/search/four-brain-lobes.html http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:// http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sciencecity.oupchina.com.h k/biology/student/glossary/img/peripheral_nervous_system.jpg http://qwickstep.com/search/structure-of-neuron.html http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://