1. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.1 Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. 5th Edition Building Speaker Confidence Chapter 2 Cheryl Hamilton

2. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.2 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Isocrates, a Greek contemporary of Plato and Aristotle, is one of the prestigious Ten Attic Orators. However, he suffered from speaker anxiety and had a voice that wouldn’t project. Even so, he and founded the first permanent and financially successful school of rhetoric. For over 50 years his graduates became prominent Greek citizens. Most scholars agree that his program of study and his philosophy of educating “the good man skilled in speaking” have greatly influenced education even to the present time (Conley, 1990, p. 20). Flashback...

3. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.3 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Key Ideas  The situational and trait anxiety  Define Positive Imagery and explain how it helps manage trait anxiety  Strategies for managing anxiety

4. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.4 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Types of Anxiety  Situational –  Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation  Trait – to  Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to the speaking situation

5. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.5 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Characteristics of Situational Anxiety  Feeling nervous in a new speaking situation  Situational anxiety is normal and necessary to dynamic communication  Experienced speakers get situational anxiety (e.g. Mike Wallace, Billy Graham, Lee Iacocca, talk show host Susan Powter)

6. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.6 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Characteristics of Trait Anxiety  A feeling of dissimarlity to other speakers  A feeling of anxiety due to prior speaking history  A feeling of subordinate status

7. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.7 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Situational Anxiety  Prepare and practice –Prepare using notes and visuals –Practice out loud at least three times  Warm-up before speaking  Use deep breathing  Plan a relaxing introduction

8. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.8 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Situational Anxiety  Concentrate on meaning –Make sure your listeners are following your organization –Pay close attention to audience feedback  Used visual aids –Visual aids keep your hands occupied –Visual aids shift attention away from you –Visual aids help you remember what you are going to say

9. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.9 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Trait Anxiety: The power of Positive Imagery Positive imagery is “creating a positive, vivid, and detailed mental image of yourself giving a successful and confident speech. When you imagine yourself speaking confidently, you become more confident just as you would if you had actually given a successful speech.

10. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.10 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Why Positive Imagery Works  Positive imagery helps you generate enthusiasm  Positive imagery helps us get a positive picture of ourselves  Positive imagery helps us create a vision of succeeding as a speaker

11. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.11 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Mastering Positive Imagery Negative words to avoid have to ought to need to Positive Alternatives want to like to enjoy Step 1 Develop the habit of positive self-talk

12. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.12 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Mastering Positive Imagery  Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to be  Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to have  Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristics Step 2 Refocus negative mental pictures into positive ones

13. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.13 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Mastering Positive Imagery  Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to be  Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to have  Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristics Step 2 Refocus negative mental pictures into positive ones

14. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.14 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Writing Positive Statements Weak: Weak: I will try to look directly at my listeners when I speak Better: Better: I’m making direct eye contact with my listeners as I speak Weak: Weak: My voice does not shake when I speak Better: Better: My voice is strong and steady when I speak

15. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.15 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Examples of Positive Statements  I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.  I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.  I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.  I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.  I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.  I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.

16. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.16 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Examples of Positive Statements  I am a dynamic speaker.  When I’m in front of a group words flow easily for me.  People respond well to my presentations.  I am a dynamic speaker.  When I’m in front of a group words flow easily for me.  People respond well to my presentations.

17. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.17 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Mastering Positive Imagery  Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to be  Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to have  Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristics Step 3 Compete only with yourself

18. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.18 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Keys to Visualization

19. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.19 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Trait Anxiety: Other Methods  Relaxation with deep breathing –Learning to relax using deep muscle relaxation and breathing –Learning to remain relaxed while visualizing a series of communication situations progressing from low anxiety to high anxiety

20. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.20 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Trait Anxiety  Cognitive Restructuring (Fremouw & Scott, 1979); Meichenbaum, 1985 –Identifying irrational self-talk that produces speaker anxiety –Developing alternative coping statements –Practicing the coping statements in stressful situations

21. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.21 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence Managing Trait Anxiety  Skills Training (Kelly, 1989; Phillips, 1977, 1991) –Identifying speaking goals –Determining behavior or skills needed to achieve the speaking goals –Developing procedures for judging the success of each goal

22. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.22 Technology  Electronic visuals such as PowerPoint  Adds to credibility and confidence  Easy to prepare and revise  Helps keep thoughts on track  Make sure to practice with them Chapter 2 Building speaker Confidence

23. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.23 Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence “ The only difference between the pros and the novices is that the pros and the novices is that the pros have trained their the pros have trained their butterflies to fly in formation.” butterflies to fly in formation.” Edward R. Murrow Remember...

24. Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.24 Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. 5th Edition Building Speaker Confidence Chapter 2 Cheryl Hamilton