1. 1 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 10 Further Topics in Algebra

2. OBJECTIVES © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 2 Sequences and Series SECTION 10.1 1 2 3 Use sequence notation and find specific and general terms in a sequence. Use factorial notation. Use summation notation to write partial sums of a series.

3. 3 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved DEFINITION OF A SEQUENCE An infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers. The function values, written as a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, …, a n, …, are called the terms of the sequence. The nth term, a n, is called the general term of the sequence.

4. 4 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

5. 5 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 2 Writing the First Several Terms of a Sequence Write the first six terms of the sequence defined by: Solution Replace n with each integer from 1 to 6.

6. 6 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 2 Solution continued Writing the First Several Terms of a Sequence

7. 7 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

8. 8 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 3 Finding a General Term of a Sequence from a Pattern Write the general term a n for a sequence whose first five terms are given. Solution Write the position number of the term above each term of the sequence and look for a pattern that connects the term to the position number of the term.

9. 9 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 3 Finding a General Term of a Sequence from a Pattern Solution a. Apparent pattern: Here 1 = 1 2, 4 = 2 2, 9 = 3 2, 16 = 4 2, and 25 =5 2. Each term is the square of the position number of that term. This suggests a n = n 2.

10. 10 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 3 Finding a General Term of a Sequence from a Pattern Solution continued b. Apparent pattern: When the terms alternate in sign and n = 1, we use factors such as (−1) n if we want to begin with the factor −1 or we use factors such as (−1) n+1 if we want to begin with the factor 1.

11. 11 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 3 Finding a General Term of a Sequence from a Pattern Solution continued b. continued Notice that each term can be written as a quotient with denominator equal to the position number and numerator equal to one less than the position number, suggesting the general term

12. 12 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

13. 13 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved RECURSIVE FORMULAS A recursive formula requires that one or more of the first few terms of the sequence be specified and all other terms be defined in relation to previously defined terms. The Fibonacci sequence is a famous sequence that is defined recursively and shows up often in nature. In this sequence, we specify the first two terms as a 0 = 1 and a 1 = 1; each subsequent term is the sum of the two terms immediately preceding it.

14. 14 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE So we have This sequence can also be defined in subscript notation:

15. 15 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 4 Finding Terms of a Recursively Defined Sequence Write the first five terms of the recursively defined sequence a 1 = 4, a n+1 = 2a n – 9 Solution We are given the first term of the sequence: a 1 = 4. a 2 = 2a 1 – 9 = 2(4) – 9 = –1 a 3 = 2a 2 – 9 = 2(–1) – 9 = –11 a 4 = 2a 3 – 9 = 2(–11) – 9 = –31 a 5 = 2a 4 – 9 = 2(–31) – 9 = –71 So the first five terms of the sequence are: 4, –1, −11, −31, −71

16. 16 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

17. 17 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

18. 18 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved DEFINITION OF FACTORIAL For any positive integer n, n factorial (written n!) is defined as As a special case, zero factorial (written 0!) is defined as

19. 19 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 6 Simplifying a Factorial Expression Simplify. Solution = 16 · 15 = 240 = (n + 1)n

20. 20 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

21. 21 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 7 Writing Terms of a Sequence Involving Factorials Write the first five terms of the sequence whose general term is: Solution Replace n with each integer from 1 through 5.

22. 22 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 7 Writing Terms of a Sequence Involving Factorials Solution continued

23. 23 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

24. 24 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SUMMATION NOTATION The sum of the first n terms of a sequence a 1, a 2, a 3, …, a n, … is denoted by The letter i in the summation notation is called the index of summation, n is called the upper limit, and 1 is called the lower limit, of the summation.

25. 25 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 8 Evaluating Sums Given in Summation Notation Find each sum. Solution a.Replace i with integers 1 through 9, inclusive, and then add.

26. 26 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 8 Evaluating Sums Given in Summation Notation Solution continued b.Replace j with integers 4 through 7, inclusive, and then add.

27. 27 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 8 Evaluating Sums Given in Summation Notation Solution continued c.Replace k with integers 0 through 4, inclusive, and then add.

28. 28 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem

29. 29 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SUMMATION PROPERTIES Let a k and b k, represent the general terms of two sequences, and let c represent any real number. Then

30. 30 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SUMMATION PROPERTIES

31. 31 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved DEFINITION OF A SERIES Let a 1, a 2, a 3, …, a k, … be an infinite sequence. Then 1.The sum of the first n terms of the sequence is called the nth partial sum of the sequence and is denoted by This sum is a finite series.

32. 32 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved DEFINITION OF A SERIES 2.The sum of all terms of the infinite sequence is called an infinite series and is denoted by

33. 33 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 9 Writing a Partial Sum in Summation Notation Write each sum in summation notation. Solution a.This is the sum of consecutive odd integers from 3 to 21. Each can be expressed as 2k + 1, starting with k = 1 and ending with k = 10.

34. 34 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved EXAMPLE 9 Writing a Partial Sum in Summation Notation Solution continued b.This finite series is the sum of fractions, each of which has numerator 1 and denominator k 2, starting with k = 2 and ending with k = 7.

35. 35 © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practice Problem