1. Spooky action at distance also for neutral kaons? by Beatrix C. Hiesmayr University of Vienna 2SGA2746 Projects FWF-P21947N16 and FWF-P23627

2. Very short history… 1935: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-PARADOX Beatrix C. Hiesmayr ALICEBOB … 1. pair ALICEBOB 2. pair 3. pair 4. pair The EPR reality criterion: “If without in any way disturbing a system, one can predict with certainty (i.e. with the probability equal to one) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of physical reality corresponding to this physical quantity.”  Quantum Theory is not complete!

3. Very short history… 1935: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-PARADOX 1964: John Stuart Bell Hobby: Foundations of QM

4. What are Bell inequalities? realism locality free will* Local realistic theories: inequalities for probabilities  always satisfied!  QM probabilities may violate the inequalities! Quantum Mechanics: No spooky action at distance! Experiment has to decide! Bell’s locality hypothesis *exerting their independence; totally randomly

5. Are local realistic theories ruled out? Photons: many experiments, show violations but still loopholes Various ordinary matter systems: show violations but still loopholes !Single! neutrons: show violations but tests different aspects

6. The EPR scenario... spin 1/2... photon (polarisation)... kaons (K-mesons)... B-meson 1935: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-PARADOX Bell state: High Energy Physics 1998: CPLEAR collaboration, Physics Letters B 422, 339 Branching ratio depends on hydrogen density

7. What are Bell inequalities good for? Has been proven: quantum cryptography protocols are save if a Bell inequality is violated! Quantum Computers/Quantum Communication Complexity: Bell inequalities are necessary and sufficient conditions for quantum protocols to beat the classical ones!

8. My goal: to test Bell inequalities for Neutral Kaons very difficult, not straightforwardly (even from theoretical point of view)! but new physics is revealed! since last year (2012) there is a hope of a doable experiment (with KLOE?, with FLAIR?,…?)

9. Requirements for tests LRT versus QM Requirements for a conclusive proof of the existence of correlation stronger than those explainable by locality and realism/explainable by local resources & shared randomness: (1)“Active ” measurements (opening the possibility for Alice and Bob to choose among alternative setups-> free choice) (2)“Use all information” (test the whole ensemble; decay product states are included  this “additional” information cannot be ignored) are not “only” loopholes !

10. Bell inequality for kaons Violation! Bertlmann & Hiesmayr,Phys. Rev. A (2001) NO violation! Kaons? local realistic models

11. Summary I If we believe in QM, then there is “spooky action at distance” also for this system at different energy scale, but there exists NO CONCLUSIVE EXPERIMENT so far. Hiesmayr, Eur. Phys. J. C (2007) A violation for observables that can be actively measured can be found, but for an initial non-maximally entangled state. Hiesmayr, Domenico, Curceanu, Gabriel, Huber, Larsson, Moskal, Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) New Bell inequality for unstable systems that is experimentally feasible and can be performed with current technology! Frascati, Italy

12. !?Nonlocality related to a symmetry violation?! Bell inequalitiesCP violation worldanti-world There exists correlations stronger than classical physics allows!

13. CP violation (C…charge conjugations,P…parity) Experiment: 1964 Christensen, Cronin, Fitch and Turlay CP violation! Leptonic charge asymmetry:

14. Why are we living in a matter dominated universe?

15. Bell inequality for kaons Bertlmann & Hiesmayr,Phys. Rev. A (2001) local realistic models for stable systems gives +/-2 taking into account the decay property without loosing the conclusiveness Hiesmayr et al., Eur. Phys. J. C (2012)

16. Bell inequality for kaons Bell inequality Bound for stable systems gives +/-2

17. Bell inequality for kaons  sensitive to CP violation !!! Bell inequality Bound Bell inequality Bound

18. Revealing Bell’s Nonlocality for Unstable Systems in High Energy Physics Hiesmayr, Domenico, Curceanu, Gabriel, Huber, Larsson, Moskal, Eur. Phys. J. C (2012) B.C. Hiesmayr

19. Revealing Bell’s Nonlocality for Unstable Systems in High Energy Physics Hiesmayr, Domenico, Curceanu, Gabriel, Huber, Larsson, Moskal, Eur. Phys. J. C (2012)

20. A little history… A little history… Drawn by R.A. Bertlmann to the 60th birthday of John Bell

21. What other foundations of QM can be tested? The kaonic eraser: „Erasing the Past Impacting the Future“ Heisenbergs Uncertainty Relation, Bohr‘s complementarity relation, … Test entanglement: Is there decoherence in the system? (->What causes decoherence? CPT violation (string theory), Lorentz- Invariance, dark matter,…) Collapse Models … a lot !! A. Di Domenico, A. Gabriel, B. C. Hiesmayr, F. Hipp, M. Huber, G. Krizek, K. Mühlbacher, S. Radic, Ch. Spengler and L. Theussl, Found. Of Physics (2011) A. Bramon, G. Garbarino, Hiesmayr Phys. Rev. A 68 (2004). Aharanov & Zubairy: Science 307:875, 2005 Bramon, Garbarino, Hiesmayr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) Nature: Scientific Reports: Testing Collapse Models with Neutrinos, Mesons and Chiral Molecules

22. Summary … experiments ? KLOE, ELENA, FLAIR Testing Foundations of QM at all energy scales has started! Higher energies reveal different aspects and new physics! To obtain a full picture of entanglement and to reveal its role in our universe all systems have to be considered! Accelerator experiments can add to our understanding of quantum foundations!

23. Thank you for Your attention! www.quantumparticlegroup.at

24. Why do we see no macroscopic superpositions? Is there a border between a quantum and classical world? And if where is it? SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION: linear, deterministic, reversible WAVE PACKET REDUCTION (measurement): nonlinear, stochastic, irreversible One solution: COLLAPSE MODELS (Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber,1986) Consequence: QM would be not fundamental  assumes a random field filling space  Origin? Gravitation (Penrose), Dark matter/energy,…?

25. Can the collapse be measured for flavor oscillations? Can this be measured?? After a long and cumbersome computation… Neutrinos? Donaldi, Bassi, Curceanu, DiDomenico, Hiesmayr, arXiv:1207.6000 Bahrami, Donaldi, Ferialdi, Bassi, Curceanu, DiDomenico, Hiesmayr, submitted strength of the collapse correlation length

26. This Wednesday and Thursday Programme of the Workshop „Theory Meets Experiment: Finding Proposals Towards Testing Foundational Issues in Particle Physics“ Wednesday (28.11.2012)Thursday (29.11.2012) 8:50-9:00 Opening (Hiesmayr); from 8:30 registration Chairperson: Mavromatos Chairperson: Brukner 9:00-9:30 Possibilities of Foundational Tests with the KLOE Detector: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Di Domenico) On the Feasibility of Bell's inequality and Other New Foundational Tests at KLOE-2 (speaker: Di Domenico) 9:30-10:00 Possibilities of Foundational Tests at the Facility FLAIR: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Grzonka) Correlations of Decay Times of Entangled Composite Unstable Systems (speaker: Durt) 10:00-10:30 Possibilities of Foundational Tests with the Hyperon-Antihyperon system: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Kupsc) Recent Photon Experiments Testing Local Realism (speaker: Piacentini) 10:30-11:00 Coffee break 11:00-11:30 Chairperson: Sponar Chairperson: Erker Possibilities of Foundational Tests in Atomic, Nuclear and Subnuclear Systems: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Curceanu) Optimal inequalities for state-independent contextuality (speaker: Larsson) 11:30-12:00 Possibilities of Foundational Tests with Neutrons: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Klepp) Quantum Frameness for Charge-Parity-Time Reversal Symmetry (speaker: Skotiniotis) 12:00-12:30 Possibilities of Foundational Tests with Artificially Engineered Systems: STATUS&FUTURE (speaker: Paraoanu) Simulating Relativistic Effects of Motion with Superconducting Circuits (speaker: Friis) 12:30-13:00 Lunch Break Towards Relativistic Quantum Technologies (speaker: Bruschi) 12:30-15:00 Lunch Break 15:00-15:30 Chairperson: Bertlmann Meeting in Small Groups CPT in the Early Universe and the Observed Baryon Asymmetry (speaker: Mavromatos) 15:30-16:00 Geometrodynamics: the Kaluza-Klein Compactification and the Quantum Nonlocality (speaker: De Martini) Meeting in Small Groups 16:00-16:30 Coffee Break 16:30-17:00 Chairperson: Larsson Moderated discussions: (Moderator: Curceanu) Reports from the Small Groups Closing Is the Compton Frequency a Particle Identification mark? (speaker: Rauch) 17:00-17:30 Imperfect Bosonic Behaviour of Composites Made of Fermions (speaker: Tichy) 19:00 DINNER (in a traditional Viennese inn, none touristic)

27. An experiment for kaons  How good do these two data points verify the quantum mechanical interference term?  Is the Schrödinger-Furry hypothesis really ruled out?  Is there decoherence in the system? Loss of entanglement? Traces of quantum gravity, CPT violations,…

28. Spontaneous factorization of the wave function Schrödinger-Furry Hypothesis: 50% Bertlmann, Grimus and Hiesmayr, Phys. Rev. D, 60, 114032 (1999) CPLEAR-experiment (1998): Observable :

29. Spontaneous factorization of the wave function Schrödinger-Furry Hypothesis : 50% Bertlmann, Grimus and Hiesmayr, Phys. Rev. D, 60, 114032 (1999) CPLEAR-experiment (1998):

30. Testing entanglement/decoherence Bertlmann, Grimus, Hiesmayr, Phys.Rev. D (1999) KLOE Coll., Phys. Lett. B (2006) interaction in K S,K L interaction in K 0,K 0 : DiDomenico (2009) B-mesons: A.Go, BELLE, PRL (2008) But  (t)=1-e - t ? PhD, Gerald Richter, HEPHY 2007 B.D. Yabsley (2008) arXiv:0810.1822 (D-mesons) Different observable!

31. “Erasing the past and impacting the future” The quantum eraser 1801 Thomas Young: Photons interfere! Interference lost because photon watched (gain which way info)! Erasing the which way info brings interference back! No wonder Einstein would be confused! 1982 Drühl & Scully:

32. Bell inequality for unstable systems for stable systems gives +/-2 Frascati, Italy Assumption: time evolution (exponential decay) of single kaons is correctly described by QM Experiment: Control over single and joint probabilities !

33. Crash course on neutral kaons: Kaon in time: short-lived statelong-lived state „A kaon is a kind of double slit“ Strangeness: Mass-eigenstates: Feynman diagram Bramon, Garbarino, H., PRA (2004)

34. Loopholes Univ. of Vienna 2011, Beatrix C. Hiesmayr “Detection Loophole”: if not all pairs are measured or if some are misidentified due to imperfections of the detectors, Nature could still be local since some information is missing (“fair sampling assumption”). “Locality Loophole”: measurements of Alice and Bob have to be space-like separated, thus avoiding any possible exchange of subluminal signals about the measurement choices of Alice and Bob not closed! …but full control over single and joint probabilities! Advantages: one knows essentially with 100% probability that in case a neutral kaon is reconstructed it can only come from an entangled pair. In addition, on average only one entangled pair is generated per event. Could be closed with enough money…

35. Generalized Bell inequality for kaons II. Vary in time: Violation! Kaons? local realistic theories Hiesmayr, Eur. Phys. J. C (2007) Violation! But too small..