1. The Brain and Behavior Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

2. Functions Communication Coordination Control Cognition Complexity

3. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

4. Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain- mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

5. Evolution

6. Brain Structure

8. DRUGS

9. Evolution None Nerve net Segmented Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) Kineses Taxes Reflexes

10. Kinesis (potato bug) Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) Reflex: (knee jerk) –Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine –Pineal –Mechanist

11. Reflexes Braightenberg: Vehicles

12. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

13. The Neuron 100 billion Varied in size, shape, function Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

15. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

16. Origin of nerve signal Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

17. Generation Two forces: –Electrical (ionic) –Chemical (concentration) –Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” –Universal in cells

19. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

20. Action Potential

22. Movement of a Signal

23. Action Potential Cell actions Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) Refractoriness All or none law Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

24. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

25. Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory Chemical model Temporal & spatial summation

26. Synapses

27. Release of Neurotransmitter

29. Synapses

30. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

31. A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks Reflexes Voting behavior Mirror neurons Other examples to follow

32. Reflexes: A model

33. Outline Functions Evolution: structure and behavior Basic Unit: The Neuron Generation: How does a signal get started? Action Potential: How does a signal move? Synapses Reflexes: A model Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

34. Principles and Functions Cephalization Localization of Function (+ Integration) Topographic Projection (& Distortion) All-or-None Law Frequency Coding of Intensity Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Split Brain (Crossed Connections) Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

36. Brain Structure (midline)

37. Structure: Central Core

38. Structure: X-Ray View

42. Localization of Function

43. Localization/Topographic Projection

44. Localization/Topographic Proj.

47. Split Brain