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10/10/20151 Small-Scale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University
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210/10/2015 Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department Acknowledgements
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310/10/2015 Biodiesel Biodiesel Today What is Biodiesel? Oil Extraction and Preparation Processing Quality Factors Questions/Comments
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410/10/2015 US Biodiesel Production 864 million gallons projected for 2007
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510/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants 864 million gallons per year. Organization of producers, blenders & marketers
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610/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants Organization of producers, blenders & marketers 1.7 billion gallons per year
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710/10/2015 Bio-fuel Information SwitchgrassCornWoodGrain StrawSoybeansSunflowersCanola Yield/Acre5 Tons115 bu 1 10 Tons2 Tons32 bu 1 (1920 lb/ac) 1360 lb/ac 1 1375 lb/ac 1 Ethanol80 gal/ton 400 gal/ac 2.7 gal/bu 310 gal/ac 80 gal/ton 2 800 gal/ac 75 gal/ton 3 150 gal/ac Biodiesel1.48 gal/bu 47.3 gal/ac 6 gal/cwt 82 gal/ac 5.9 gal/cwt 81 gal/ac Processing Cost/gallon $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $1.10 (Current USDA Estimate) $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) 1. 10-year average ND yields, ND Agricultural Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan, Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO, July 1999). 3. Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA
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810/10/2015 What is Biodiesel? Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and animal fats B100 – Pure Biodiesel ASTM D6751 Standard
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910/10/2015 Remove Extraneous Material Screening Pass Over Magnet Seed Preparation
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1010/10/2015 Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction Heat Seeds Crush Seeds Oil Extraction Crude Oil Cake 15% Oil Oil Extraction
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1110/10/2015 Degumming (May not be Necessary) Remove Phospholipids (gums) Water Wash Remove all Water Water - fatty acids form salts Heat to 120°C Acid Degumming Settling Oil Preparation
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1210/10/2015 Remove the Solids Remove Gums Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids Too high retards or stop processing May require titration Method of determining the amount of acids present in the oil Indicates amount of catalyst to use Waste Cooking Processing
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1310/10/2015 Chemical Reaction Oil plus Alcohol Yields Esters + Glycerin Catalyst - Potassium Hydroxide Proportions: (In theory) 10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol 10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice) 10 parts oil – 2 parts alcohol Processing
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1410/10/2015 Biodiesel Washing Removes remaining: –Catalyst –Methanol –Glycerol –Soaps –Gums Add water to top of oil Water collects at bottom Repeat until clear water Heat for 1 hour at 248 F
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1510/10/2015 ASTM standard D6751 18 factors Purity Storage Cold Weather Properties Engines Operation Complete Conversion Catalyst and Glycerin Removed Quality Factors
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1610/10/2015 Biodiesel Quality Factors American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Biodiesel Standard: ASTM D 6751
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1710/10/2015 Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing May Separate in Storage Clogs Filters Total Acid number Methanol Carryover Effects on Seals and Hoses Quality Factors
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1810/10/2015 Small-Scale Equipment 40 gal in 24 hours - $2,495.00 Home Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR. 50 gal in 2 hours -$12,675.00 BK-300 BioKing_Netherlands 80 gal in 8 hours-$6,800.00 Ester Machine B100 Supply_Georgia. 50 gal in 60 hours - $7,995.00 BioPro_190 SSI Indiana.
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1910/10/2015 More Information John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University Telephone: 701-231-8213 Email: John.Nowatzki@ndsu.edu http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/energy_efficiency/
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