1. 10/10/20151 Small-Scale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University

2. 210/10/2015 Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department Acknowledgements

3. 310/10/2015 Biodiesel Biodiesel Today What is Biodiesel? Oil Extraction and Preparation Processing Quality Factors Questions/Comments

4. 410/10/2015 US Biodiesel Production 864 million gallons projected for 2007

5. 510/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants 864 million gallons per year. Organization of producers, blenders & marketers

6. 610/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants Organization of producers, blenders & marketers 1.7 billion gallons per year

7. 710/10/2015 Bio-fuel Information SwitchgrassCornWoodGrain StrawSoybeansSunflowersCanola Yield/Acre5 Tons115 bu 1 10 Tons2 Tons32 bu 1 (1920 lb/ac) 1360 lb/ac 1 1375 lb/ac 1 Ethanol80 gal/ton 400 gal/ac 2.7 gal/bu 310 gal/ac 80 gal/ton 2 800 gal/ac 75 gal/ton 3 150 gal/ac Biodiesel1.48 gal/bu 47.3 gal/ac 6 gal/cwt 82 gal/ac 5.9 gal/cwt 81 gal/ac Processing Cost/gallon $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $1.10 (Current USDA Estimate) $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $1.50 - 2.00 (USDA estimate by 2012) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) 1. 10-year average ND yields, ND Agricultural Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan, Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO, July 1999). 3. Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA

8. 810/10/2015 What is Biodiesel? Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and animal fats B100 – Pure Biodiesel ASTM D6751 Standard

9. 910/10/2015 Remove Extraneous Material  Screening  Pass Over Magnet Seed Preparation

10. 1010/10/2015 Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction Heat Seeds Crush Seeds Oil Extraction  Crude Oil  Cake  15% Oil Oil Extraction

11. 1110/10/2015 Degumming (May not be Necessary)  Remove Phospholipids (gums)  Water Wash Remove all Water Water - fatty acids form salts Heat to 120°C  Acid Degumming  Settling Oil Preparation

12. 1210/10/2015 Remove the Solids Remove Gums Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids  Too high retards or stop processing  May require titration  Method of determining the amount of acids present in the oil  Indicates amount of catalyst to use Waste Cooking Processing

13. 1310/10/2015 Chemical Reaction  Oil plus Alcohol  Yields Esters + Glycerin  Catalyst - Potassium Hydroxide Proportions: (In theory)  10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol  10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice)  10 parts oil – 2 parts alcohol Processing

14. 1410/10/2015 Biodiesel Washing Removes remaining: –Catalyst –Methanol –Glycerol –Soaps –Gums Add water to top of oil  Water collects at bottom  Repeat until clear water Heat for 1 hour at 248 F

15. 1510/10/2015 ASTM standard D6751  18 factors  Purity  Storage  Cold Weather Properties  Engines Operation  Complete Conversion  Catalyst and Glycerin Removed Quality Factors

16. 1610/10/2015 Biodiesel Quality Factors American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Biodiesel Standard: ASTM D 6751

17. 1710/10/2015 Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing  May Separate in Storage  Clogs Filters Total Acid number  Methanol Carryover  Effects on Seals and Hoses Quality Factors

18. 1810/10/2015 Small-Scale Equipment 40 gal in 24 hours - $2,495.00 Home Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR. 50 gal in 2 hours -$12,675.00 BK-300 BioKing_Netherlands 80 gal in 8 hours-$6,800.00 Ester Machine B100 Supply_Georgia. 50 gal in 60 hours - $7,995.00 BioPro_190 SSI Indiana.

19. 1910/10/2015 More Information John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University Telephone: 701-231-8213 Email: John.Nowatzki@ndsu.edu http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/energy_efficiency/