1. 1 Do Now Use this aerial photo of Greece to connect the geography of Greece to the eventual development of Greek society and culture. Hint Think about the ways in which we have made these connections for other ancient civilizations.

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3. Agriculture Olive grove in rocky Greek soil

4. Agriculture Good climate but bad terrain (very mountainous) –Hilly ground: grapes –Rocky soil: olives Sea was very important –Homer describes various fishing methods using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the Iliad and the Odyssey

5. The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

6. 2000 - 1400 BCE The Minoans The Minoans

7. The Minoan World: mid- 2M B.C.E.

8. Minoan Trade “Bireme” ship Coast of Crete

9. Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

10. Early Writing System: “Linear A” (Undecipherable) Canon?

11. Artist’s Recreation of Knossos

12. Aerial View of Knossos

13. Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

14. Palace of King Minos - Interiors

15. Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

16. Minoan Culture - Religion Minoan Priest Minoan Snake Goddess

17. Bull Cult

18. Bull Jumping Fresco

19. 1500 - 1100 BCE The Mycenaeans (Achaeans) The Mycenaeans (Achaeans)

20. The Mycenaean World: mid-2M B.C.E.

21. Mycenaean Society The Mycenaeans established a society on the Greek peninsula beginning with migrations in 2200 B.C. From 1500 to 1100 B.C., they expanded their influence beyond the Greek peninsula, overpowering Minoan society in Crete

22. Aerial View of Mycenae

23. Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

24. mid-12c BCE The Trojan War The Trojan War

25. Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War

26. Plan of the City of Troy

27. Trojan War About 1200 B.C., the Mycenaeans fought the Trojan War with the city of Troy in Anatolia At the same time, foreigners invaded the Mycenaean homeland From 1100 to 800 B.C., chaos reigned throughout the eastern Mediterranean In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece –City-states The Trojan Horse

28. 1100 - 750 BCE The Greek "Dark Ages" The Greek "Dark Ages"

29. Greek Culture Declined

30. Migrations in the Aegean Region

31. Hellenikon Concept of Herodotus to reflect the Greeks’ being of “shared blood, shared language, shared religion, and shared customs” Establishes an ethnic identity that sets them apart from the “barbarians” However, Hellenikon lacked a common political component –In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece City-states (polis)

32. The Rise of the Greek Polis Athens NaxosCorinth Syracuse Larissa Eboea

33. Cities: The Polis The city-state or polis was originally a fortified site that provided refuge in war or other emergencies –Gradually they attracted increasing populations, took on an urban character, and began to exert authority over the surrounding regions –They taxed rural areas and appropriated a portion of the agriculture surplus to support the urban population

34. Cities: The Polis Poleis were different because they developed independently of each other –Different economies and political systems Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes are examples Prostelitizye

35. 35 Athens Vs. Sparta

36. Sparta: Society In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal –To discourage economic and social distinctions, Spartans observed an extraordinarily austere lifestyle as a matter of policy No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth –Even today, “spartan” means Practicing great self-denial Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity

37. Sparta: Society What distinctions did exist in Spartan society were based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent Spartan educational system cultivated such attributes from an early age –Boys left their homes at age seven to live in military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training –At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement

38. Sparta: Helots Expanded their control from Sparta throughout the Peloponnesus Reduced neighboring people to helots –Helots were servants of the Sparta state –Not chattel slaves, but not free either –Could form families, but could not leave the land –By the 6 th Century B.C., helots probably outnumbered Sparta citizens by 10 to 1 –The large number of helots allowed the Spartans to cultivate their region efficiently, but also posed the threat of constant rebellion

39. 39

40. 40 Athens In the ancient Greek city-state of Athens all citizens participated in Athenian governmental activities. All citizens were equal before the law and participated in the government. Slaves and women, however, were not allowed citizenship. Athenians eventually abolished slavery and developed a direct democracy where citizens chose the members of the powerful Assembly.

41. Athens in the Age of Pericles The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens. This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles. Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.

42. 42 Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.”

43. Cities The Acropolis of Athens

44. 44 Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government. He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government. The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government.

45. 45 Do Now What should be the goal of high school? What should every student be able to do when they graduate from high school?

46. Direct Democracy High School Group Assignment Groups of three will determine how the ideal high school would function in order to achieve our larger goal. Each member of every group will create a table listing the proposed design and making an argument in favor of this approach. Remember the larger goals we established to create an ideal High School. For example, we should all be able to listen to music or talk on our phones is probably not consistent with our larger goal.

47. 47 Category Proposed Design Details Rationale (WHY is this the BEST way to design it?) subjects 6 hours of history should be taught each day; followed by 1 hour of rotating subjects (changing each day – ie, math, science, English, music/art, physical education) Clearly history is the most important – how can we possibly evaluate the world that we live in today without understanding the complex history that made it what it is? I suppose we should also learn the “other stuff” so we can design computers, write coherently, and entertain ourselves. I guess.

48. Sparta: Society Women married at age 18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands –The men stayed in the barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children –Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children

49. Patriarchal Society Male family heads ruled their households –Greek women fell under the control of their fathers, husbands, or sons In most poleis, women could not own landed property The only public position open to Greek women was priestess of a religious cult In Sparta, men were still the family authorities, but women had more opportunities

50. Advantages of Women in Sparta over Women in Athens Girls were given a good education in both the arts and athletics. Women were encouraged to develop their intellect. Women owned more than a third of the land. There was less difference in age between husbands and wives, and girls in Sparta married at a later age than their sisters in Athens. Husbands spent most of their time with other men in the military barracks; since the men were rarely home, the women were free to take charge of almost everything outside of the army. Mothers reared their sons until age 7 and then society took over. Fathers played little or no role in child care.

51. Results of the Persian Wars The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece. Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other Greek city-states. Athens used the league to assert power and build an Athenian Empire. They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced people to stay in the league against their will.

52. The Delian League Thasos Naxos Delos Lesbos Melos

54. Greek against Greek Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination. The Greek world split into rival camps. To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League. Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy. A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece

55. Athens in the Age of Pericles The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens. This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles. Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government. He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government. The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government. Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character. Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.

56. Peloponnesian War Athens faced a serious geographic disadvantage from the start. Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against them. When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city. Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people. Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of Athens. Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian League. Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and empire.

57. The Aftermath of War The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness. In Athens Democratic government suffered: Corruption and selfish interests replaced order. Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world. Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek city-state. Greece was left vulnerable to invasion. Cultural development was arrested.

58. 58 Question Explain the fall Athens took from the heights of the funeral oration to the lows of the plague. Who is responsible for this fall? 58

59. 750-500 BCE Greek Colonization Greek Colonization

60. Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

61. Trade Resumes: 6c BCE Amphoras

62. “Iron Age” Trade Routes

63. Evolution of Our Alphabet: From Phoenician to Latin http://www.cedarland.org/alpha.html

64. "Hellenistic" Greece: 324 - 100 B.C.E. "Hellenistic" Greece: 324 - 100 B.C.E.

65. Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.E.

66. Alexander the Great’s Empire

67. Alexander the Great in Persia

68. Building Greek Cities in the East

69. Trade in the Hellenistic World

70. Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

71. Hellenistic Philosophers  Cynics  Diogenes  ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.  citizens of the world.  live a humble, simple life.  Epicurians  Epicurus  avoid pain & seek pleasure.  all excess leads to pain!  politics should be avoided.

72. Hellenistic Philosophers  Stoics  Zeno  nature is the expansion of divine will.  concept of natural law.  get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.  true happiness is found in great achievements.

73. The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.

74. The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

75. The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World