1. Alternative evaporative cooling and naturally ventilated double roof system for environmental controlled dairy barn located in tropical and subtropical regions Wei Fang, Ph.D., Professor Dept. of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering National Taiwan University

2. Part I. Alternative evaporative cooling

3. Evaporative cooling Pad and Fan

4. Pad and Fan system is Powerful But it require proper design, proper installation and proper maintenance.

5. Poor design/install/maintenance

7. Electrolysis

8. Coated Pad

9. Pad substitutes - Palm tree fibers

10. Pad substitutes – Rolling Nets

11. Dry bulb Temperature, o C Relative milking performance 1998, ASAE fundamentals

12. Effect of wind speed on milking performance of Holstein cow Wind Speed 10 o C 26.7 o C 35 o C 0.18 m/s 100 % 85 % 63 % 2.44 m/s 100 % 95 % 79 % 4.02 m/s 100 % 95 % 79 % 1998, ASAE fundamentals

13. 25~70 Pa pressure drop η =70 % for 15 cm pad 2.5 m/s

15. Multi-layer nets with spraying View from insideView from outside Fogging is better than spraying

16. Multi-layer nets with fogging

18. Comparison Outdoor T db 32 o C RH 55% T db After Pad Wind speed m/sEfficiency 10 cm Pad 26.37 o C 1.5-2.5 75 % 28.25 o C 4.0 50 % Multi-Net with fogging 25.0 o C 8.0 (3 AC/min) 92.5%

19. Part II. Naturally ventilated double roof system

20. Materials for Roofs Porous galvanized steel plate Traditional galvanized steel plate with PU attached Traditional galvanized steel plate with PU attached

21. Learn from the mother nature Tiny holes on roof mimicking stomata of leaf

22. Porous double roof Air gap between two layers provides driving force when heated by solar radiation. Such driving is self adjusted according to the intensity of outdoor solar radiation

23. Roof materials Traditional single layer galvanized steel plate + PU Disadvantage Disadvantage Non-recycle Non-recycle PU burnable PU burnable Hot air trap inside Hot air trap inside Porous double layer galvanized steel plate Advantages Can be recycled Fire proof Provide roof opening allow hot air escape from roof Heated air layer enhance natural convection

24. Galvanized steel plate (GSP) GSP + PU Double Porous GSP Code 11 is house 1 & sensor at location 1: 0.5 m from ceiling height (with no ceiling installed), code 36 is house 3 & sensor location is 3 m from roof

25. Comparison on peak temperatures Single roof Porous Double roof 45.5 o C 38.3 o C 41.1 o C Galvanized steel plate (GSP)GSP + PU 34.9 o C 37.6 o C Double Porous GSP No ceiling installed

26. Another experiment Single layer galvanize steel plate Single layer galvanize steel plate +PU Porous double layer galvanize steel plate Single layer galvanize steel plate + white paint

27. Reflective white paint increase reflectivity Wavelength, nm Reflectivity Galvanize steel plate painted with Reflective white pain Galvanize steel plate (light green color)

28. Positions of T sensors DL porous SL & PUSL + paint SL Outside surface Inside surface Center air Outside surface Inside surface Center air

29. Avg. T during 10:00-14:00 T of center air T of outside surface T of inside surface SL37.0053.9148.97 SL + PU 37.1364.2546.36 DL porous 32.4252.2336.71 SL + paint 33.3249.6635.25 △ T = 5 o C △ T = 15 o C △ T = 13 o C

30. Conclusions Multi-layer nets fogging system provides good evaporative cooling efficiency even under high air velocity. Double layer porous roof provide naturally ventilated roof vent. It also has the capability of self adjusting according to outdoor solar radiation. Roof materials painted with Reflective white paint absorbed 30% of solar radiation, yet other roof absorbed 70% of solar radiation. An experimental daily barn was build based on above findings.

31. 50 m x 15 m x 2.5 m ， 50 cows Wind speed 2.5 m/s Air exchange 2 times/min

32. Porous double layer galvanized steel plate

34. Thank you for your attention