1. Unit 4 Cells

2. 1. What is the term that only some things come in and out and what cell part has this function? Selectively or Semi permeable Cell membrane

3. 2. What are the 2 layers made of? Bilayer of Phospholipids

4. 3. Does the inside and outside of the cell love or dislike water? Why? Loves water/hydrophilic because their polar heads are facing inside and outside of the cell

5. 4. How does the inside of the cell membrane feel about water? Why? Does not like water/hydrophobic because the non-polar tails facing the inside the cell membrane

6. 5. What are embedded into the cell membrane? Protein molecules

7. 6. What is the membrane sometimes referred as because of the free floating protein molecules? Fluid Mosaic Model

8. 7. Define cytoplasm. Space within the cell

9. 8. What is the function of the nucleus? To control all the functions of the cell

10. 9. What are the 3 main parts of the nucleus and what are their functions? –Nuclear membrane-controls what goes in and out of the cell –Nucleolus-makes ribosomes –DNA/chromatin-hereditary/genetic information

11. 10. What is the function of the Rough ER? Transports proteins

12. 11. What is the function of the smooth ER? Make and transport lipids

13. 12. The ribosomes make the proteins, but who tells them how? The nucleus gives the directions for making the proteins

14. 13. Where are ribosomes located? On the rough ER or freely floating in cytoplasm

15. 14. Golgi apparatus is flattened sacs, what are their 3 jobs? Modify proteins Package proteins Secrete proteins out in vesicles to where they are needed

16. 15. Lysosomes break down wastes using what type of protein? enzymes

17. 16. What things do vacuoles store? Water, food and some wastes

18. 17. Vacuoles are in both plant and animal cells for storage, what is the main difference between those two types of cell’s vacuoles? Plants have one large one that provides turgor, while animals are small

19. 18. How does Mitochondria/Mitochondrion (plural) make energy? Breaking bonds

20. 19. What is another term commonly used to refer to cell energy? ATP

21. 20. What substance does mitochondrion use to make energy? Glucose AKA sugar

22. 21. What is the mitochondria’s nickname? Powerhouse

23. 22. Write the 4 step process for making proteins: Production of ribosomes in the nucleolus of the nucleus Ribosomes delivered to the rough ER where they make the proteins Proteins delivered to Golgi apparatus or Golgi bodies Golgi bodies modify, package and deliver the proteins to where they are needed

24. 23. What is the organelle that is only in animal cells and what is its function? Centrioles to make spindle fibers for mitosis

25. 24. What are the two main form of cell movement and briefly describe. Cilia-short hair-like projections Flagella-long whip-like tail

26. 25. What do plant cells look like? Brick walls

27. 26. What are the 2 structures only in a plant cell? Cell wall Chloroplasts

28. 27. What is the rigid outside structure of support and protection in a plant cell? Cell wall

29. 28. What captures light in the chloroplast? Chlorophyll

30. 29. What does it convert light to? Chemical energy

31. Chloroplasts make sugar from carbon _______. dioxide

32. 31. Why are cells performing cellular transport? (What are they trying to achieve?) Homeostasis/equilibrium

33. 32. What are the 2 main types of cellular transport, their main differences and which direction do their particles flow ? Active transport requires energy because particles flow low concentration to high concentration

34. #32. cont. Passive transport does NOT require energy because particles flow from high concentration to low concentration

35. 33. Define active transport. Pumping substances across the membrane using energy

36. 34. Active transport moves from _____concentration to _____ using _______. lowhigh energy

37. 35. What are the 2 types of Active transport are there and do the substances end up inside or outside the cell? Endocytosis- substance ends up inside the cell Exocytosis- substances exit the cell

38. 36. What are the 3 steps of Endocytosis? Membrane makes a pocket (a mouth) Pocket closes around substance to form a vesicle Vesicle fuses with organelles to release contents

39. 37. What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis? Phagocytosis takes in large particles or bacteria cells pinocytosis takes in fluids and solutes

40. 38. Compare the steps of Endocytosis and Exocytosis. Exocytosis steps are in reverse order

41. 39. Diffusion is ______ transport, where molecules move from ____ to low concentration and do NOT require _____. passive high energy

42. 40. In the diagram below, draw an arrow for the flow of molecules in diffusion to reach homeostasis. Membrane Membrane X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (BEFORE DIFFUSION) (AFTER DIFFUSION)

43. 41. Facilitated diffusion uses ________ proteins to move large & polar molecules from high to low concentration. The main difference in facilitated diffusion is that is much ______ (speed) than regular diffusion. faster carrier

44. 42. Osmosis is another type of diffusion but it involves the movement of water molecules from ____ to ____ percentage of water molecules to solute. This is the opposite of the percentage of solute/concentration of the solution ie. 75% solute is 25% water etc. lowhigh

45. 43. H2O goes to areas where there are _____ solutes. more

46. 44. Hypotonic solution means there is ____ solutes in the solution than there is in the cell. less

47. 45. When a cell is in a_____________, the water will flow ____ the cell and the cell’s size will_______. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION into increase

48. 46. Isotonic solution means there is __________of solutes in the solution as there is in the cell. the same amount

49. 47. When a cell is in an_____________, the water will flow _______of the cell and the cell’s size will________. ISOTONIC SOLUTION in and out stay the same

50. 48. Hypertonic solution means there is ______ solutes in the solution than there is in the cell. more

51. 49. When a cell is in a____________, the water will flow out of the cell and the cell’s size will______. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION shrink

52. 50. What is turgor pressure? Force a vacuole has against the cell membrane and wall

53. 51. When the vacuole is full and pushes the organelles against the cell membrane/wall, it has ____turgor pressure. high

54. 52. What happens when the there is low turgor pressure? The plant will wilt/plasmolysis

55. 53. What causes plasymolysis? Low turgor pressure

56. 54.Know cell parts