1. Chapter 1 Exploring Life 1. Define biology 2. Define living 3. Scientific Inquiry 4. Biological Hierarchy 5. Biological Themes

2. What is Biology? Definition Scientific study of LIFE

3. What is Living? To be classified as living, these criteria must be met: To be classified as living, these criteria must be met: 1.Highly ordered structure 2.Evolutionary adaptation 3.Respond to environment

4. What is living? 4. Regulation of internal functions * Homeostasis 5. Process energy 6. Grow & Development 7. Reproduce * Hereditary Material

5. Is a virus living? Why or Why not? Why or Why not?

6. How is Biology Studied? Science (“to know”) Includes 1. Body of knowledge 2. Scientific Inquiry process Search for information & explanation focus on specific questions

7. Scientific Inquiry Two types Two types 1.Discovery science Describe natural processes Observation Inductive Reasoning (generalizations from specific observations) “All organisms are made of cells”

8. Scientific Inquiry 2. Hypothesis-based science Focus on explanations *Hypothesis Deductive Reasoning general to specific if ---> then “if all organisms are made of cells, then humans are composed of cells”

9. Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Figure 1.25

10. Hypothesis-Based Science Idealized Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Conclusion

11. Scientific Method 1. Must be testable 2. Must be falsifiable 3. Experiments must be repeatable 4. Control effects of unwanted variables 5. Supernatural phenomena is not addressed

12. Data Two types of recorded observations 1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative Figure 1.24

13. Hierarchy of Biology Levels of Organization Levels of Organization 1. Molecules 2. Organelles subcellular, specific functions 3. Cells

14. Hierarchy of Biology 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ System

15. Hierarchy of Biology 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community

16. Hierarchy of Biology 10. Ecosystem 10. Ecosystem 11. Biosphere 11. Biosphere

17. From the biosphere to organisms From the biosphere to organisms Figure 1.3 1 The biosphere

18. Cell 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 µm 10 µm 1 µm Atoms Figure 1.3

19. Themes of Biology Table 1.1

20. Themes of Biology 1. Cell Basic unit of life smallest unit that can perform all activities of life 25 µm Figure 1.5

21. Two Cell Types 1. Prokaryotic no membrane bound nucleus no membrane bound organelles primarily bacteria

22. Two cell types 2. Eukaryotic membrane bound nucleus several membrane bound organelles ex. Protists, fungi, plants, animals

23. EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Figure 1.8

24. Themes of Biology 2. DNA is heritable information allows for continuity of life by transmitting biological information DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Figure 1.7 Nucleus

25. Themes of Biology 3. Emergent properties refers to unique, new property of each hierarchy level not present at the simpler level

26. Themes of Biology 4. Feedback Regulation kind of supply and demand economy regulate production of enzymes, proteins Two types: 1. Negative feedback (product turns it off) 2. Positive feedback (product speeds it up)

27. Negative Feedback B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback Figure 1.11

28. Positive Feedback WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback Figure 1.12

29. Themes of Biology 5. Interaction with environment interactions abiotic factors biotic factors 6. Energy and life Organisms must perform work Energy flow

30. Themes of Biology 7. Unity in the Diversity of Life Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16

31. Paradox of Unity & Diversity Unity 1. DNA is the genetic, heritable material, universal genetic code 2. Universal processes Replication, Transcription, Translation

32. Paradox of Unity & Diversity Diversity vast collection of living organisms on Earth categorized into levels based on similarities

33. Classifying Life Taxonomy – branch of bio that names and classifies species Taxonomy – branch of bio that names and classifies species DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

34. Classifying Life 3 Domains 3 Domains 1.Bacteria - prokaryotes 2.Archaea - prokaryotes 3.Eukarya - eukaryotes

35. Figure 1.15 100 µm 0.5 µm 4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material. Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms. DOMAIN ARCHAEA

36. Themes of Biology 8. Evolution accounts for diversity based on life’s unity CharlesDarwin Figure 1.18

37. Evolution Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species articulated two main points: Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species articulated two main points: 1. Descent with modification 2. Natural selection

38. Themes of Biology 9. Structure & Function – everything has purpose at all biological levels 10. Scientific Inquiry 11. Science, Technology, & Society – applications of science & production of technologies to benefit society