1. 22 July 2003 Internet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications Ben Teitelbaum

2. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Outline Better Voice Through IP A Look Back Over Our Shoulders Connectivity is Key What Internet2 Brings to the Table Some Guiding Principles New Internet2 Voice Activities

3. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu The Opportunity Voice has been and will be a killer app for a long, long time Per-capita, daily US land-line use: 45 minutes Per-capita, daily US wireless use: 16 minutes Overall, per-capita minutes continue to grow Lets make it better! Fidelity Privacy Addressing Mobility Survivability Presence

4. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Better Voice Through IP: Fidelity & Privacy Fidelity Why chop off voice at 4kHz? Most power is under 4kHz, but wideband definitely improves intelligibility and comfort. Also, we have two of these marvelous sensory organs! –Synthetic spatial placement of audio conference participants? Privacy Calls over the PSTN may be encrypted, but its easier with VoIP Phones are already general purpose computers Users are likely to have the public keys of their correspondents in their computing environment for other reasons (secure email, IM)

5. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Better Voice Through IP: Addressing Addressing Users should not be burdened with device addresses, when its people they really care about Addresses should be mnemonic and empower enterprises to manage the identities of their users –sip:ben@internet2.edu Its time to put E.164 phone numbers behind us! A.G. Bell did not say: +1-212-637-8562, come here. I need you!

6. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Better Voice Through IP: Mobility Mobility Not just spatial mobility (as with a cell phone) Also, device mobility –Users are known by one address regardless of which devices or media they use Also, media mobility –Seamless gatewaying between media types –For example: voice IM

7. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Better Voice Through IP: Survivability Survivability PSTN has vulnerable single points of failure –Central office (CO) and local loop Internet –Designed to heal Though route stability and convergence times could be better –Can handle much higher call volumes Packet level multiplexing and adaptive, loss tolerant codecs Highly scalable, fault tolerant signalling built from commodity PCs –Gradual degradation of voice quality, rather than call blocking is what you want in an emergency Combining VoIP and PSTN results in better voice survivability than either architecture can deliver alone

8. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Better Voice Through IP: Presence Presence Notification of events that facilitate communication (Henning Schulzrinne) –On-line, Away, Idle, On phone, Out to lunch,... Back to the future –Remember: finger, write, who ? –Presence restores the sense of community that existed on timesharing systems Forward to the future –New standards for interoperability and scalability –User-controlled policies to provide custom views to watchers –Richer state semantics and automatic triggers

9. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Rich Presence Automatic notification from many sources… Location beacons Facial recognition systems Phones Calendar … Not all watchers are human Software agents may watch presence and route/initiate calls appropriately (e.g. below) Watch and initiate a voice conference when everyone is available

10. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Presence as Glue* presence text --------------------- image ------------------- voice email instant messaging directories calendaring video 3G cellular conferencing soft/hard phones voice mail * This slide courtesy of Jeremy George

11. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu So What Will the Future Look Like? Although preceding Better Voice Through IP slides illustrate some potentially fruitful directions, I really havent a clue what the future holds! Before setting out to nurture innovative new IP voice applications, its useful to consider the history of earlier communications technologies…

12. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Early History of the Telephone For the first 30 years of the telephone, promoters struggled to identify the killer application that would promote its wide adoption by home owners and businesses. At first the telephone was promoted as a replacement for the telegraph, allowing businesses to send messages more easily and without an operator. Telephone promoters in the early years touted the telephone as a new service to broadcast news, concerts, church services, weather reports, etc. Industry journals publicized inventive uses of the telephone such as sales by telephone, consulting with doctors, ordering groceries over the telephone, listening to school lectures and even long distance Christian Science healing! The concept that someone would buy the telephone to chat was simply inconceivable at that time. C. Fischer, America Calling (paraphrased by Bill St Arnaud)

13. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Other Earlier Communications Technologies Email The popularity of email was not foreseen by the ARPANET's planners. Roberts had not included electronic mail in the original blueprint for the network. In fact, in 1967 he had called the ability to send messages between users not an important motivation for a network of scientific computers.... Why then was the popularity of email such a surprise? One answer is that it represented a radical shift in the ARPANET's identity and purpose. The rationale for building the network had focused on providing access to computers rather than to people. J. Abbate, Inventing the Internet Peer-to-peer file sharing Again, not foreseen Internet2 connectivity + directory services (Napster, etc.)

14. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu And the Moral Is… Business and technology leaders… …have a poor track record of predicting how new communications technologies will be used …tend to underestimate social or seemingly frivolous uses of new technologies and overestimate the importance of content Users are highly motivated to communicate with each other, if only they can connect

15. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Connectivity is Key Network connectivity Can connections be established between communicating IP addresses with high-performance and high-availability? Application connectivity Do devices and applications have good network connectivity? Are there protocols and call routing infrastructure to establish connections between communing applications? User connectivity Can I reach you? Address Presence Address Presence Application Connectivity Network Connectivity Application (call and presence routing) (high-performance, end-to-end IP transit) User

16. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu What Internet2 Brings to the Table Eager adopters ~4 million students Strong institutional commitments to advance IP communications and promote collaborative apps Connectivity Great networking connectivity –High-bandwidth, low-loss, low-jitter –End-to-end transparency (few NATs) –IPv6 and multicast too! We are committed to advancing higher-level connectivity 26% of college students use IM (twice the rate of average Internet users) * * The Internet Goes to College, Pew Internet and American Life Project report, Sept. 2002.

17. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Internet2 Voice: Guiding Principles Voice Can Be Advanced Many ways to make voice better – fidelity, privacy, addressing, mobility, survivability, presence Internet2 VoIP is not about cheap phone calls! Connectivity First, New Services Later Innovation occurs at the edge, but requires connectivity Good network connectivity not sufficient Also need application-layer connectivity and (ultimately) user-layer connectivity

18. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Several New Internet2 Activities SIP.edu Leader: Dennis Baron Presence and Integrated Communications WG Chair: Jeremy George Voice survivability Leader: Chris Peabody

19. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu SIP.edu Goals Grow SIP connectivity in Internet2 Increase value proposition for end-user SIP adoption Promote convergence of voice and email identity Low entry-cost means for campuses to... –Provide a useful service –Get their feet wet with SIP Means Publishing cookbook with several alternative recipes Obtaining corporate sponsorship and promotional pricing

20. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu SIP Proxy DNS SIP-PBX Gateway PBX INVITE (sip:bob@bigu.edu) INVITE (sip:12345@gw.bigu.edu) DNS SRV query sip.udp.bigu.edu telephoneNumber where mail=bob PRI / CAS bigu.edu Campus Directory SIP User Agent Bob's Phone SIP.edu Architecture (Phase 1)

21. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu DNS INVITE (sip:bob@bigu.edu) DNS SRV query sip.udp.bigu.edu bigu.edu SIP User Agent SIP.edu Architecture (Phase 2) location DB If Bob has registered, ring his SIP phone; Else, call his extension through the PBX. REGISTER (Contact: 207.75.164.131) INVITE (sip:bob@207.75.164.131) SIP Proxy SIP Registrar Bob's SIP Phone

22. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Presence and Integrated Communications Newly chartered PIC working group Foci Presence Instant messaging Integrated communications First-year Deliverables Rich Presence and Integrated Communications Demonstration (Internet2 Member Meeting, Fall 2003) Engineering and management-level tutorials (Spring 2004)

23. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu Voice Survivability Broadsoft/PAETEC/Georgetown Trial SIP-based voice disaster recovery trial Emergency phones on GU campus Redundant Broadworks server nodes Redundant PAETEC gateways in separate COs Voice survivability and disaster recovery is increasingly a big deal for Internet2 schools Other projects in this area are anticipated

24. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu For More Information Voice Over IP Working Group http://voip.internet2.edu/ Presence and Integrated Communications WG http://pic.internet2.edu/ Great SIP tutorial http://www.iptel.org/sip/ Other sources J. Abbate, Inventing the Internet, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1999. C.S. Fischer, America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992. A. Odlyzko, Content is Not King, First Monday, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2001.

25. www.internet2.edu

26. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu SIP Attributes Component protocol that provides User registration and mobility Call routing, setup, tear down, and redirection Makes heavy use of existing standards SDP RTP MIME DNS UDP TRIP Easy and familiar feel Textual encoding Email-style headers HTTP-style error codes URL addresses Signaling and media paths separate Signaling through servers for mobility and call services Media on direct path for low RTT

27. Inernet2, Connectivity, and Advanced Interpersonal Communications www.internet2.edu SIP Components User Agent (UA) Hard or soft phones that initiate and receive calls Media to exchange is negotiated P2P between UAs Registrar Server Authenticates and accepts registration requests from UAs Maintains location DB binding user to one or more registered UAs Proxy Server Routes calls (possibly through a chain of proxies) to UA Keeps no session state (for scalability) Redirect Server Replies to calling UA with a redirect Server functionality is typically bundled