1. Section V Financial and Accounting Dimensions

2. Financial and Accounting Dimensions Three Myopic Views Exchange Rates; Asymmetry in Pricing Capital Investments; Platform Investment Accounting Tools: Japanese Accounting

3. Effect of Exchange Rate on Foreign Trade: Asymmetry in Pricing Behavior The Concept of Pass-through Changes in Domestic and Export Prices in Japan Discriminatory Trade Practices; “Dumping” Dependence on the Imports of Raw materials

4. Hysteresis and the Planning Horizon Two Major Factors: Degree of Hysterisis and the Corporate Planning Horizon Hysteresis: Supply-side and Demand Side Supply-side, Market Leaders Vs Upstart firms, “sunk costs” Demand-side, Brand Loyalty and Market stickiness, “Promotional Costs”, “Differentiated Cost Shock” Planning Horizon: Individual and Institutional Investors, and Focus on Capital Gains

5. Different Strategies for Japanese &U.S. firms in the U.S. Market U.S. Firm –Maximize profit in dollars Japanese Firm –Maximize profit in terms of Yen

6. Japanese Firms High Yen, Low Dollar –Profits are determined by difference between revenue and costs Low Yen, High Dollar –Profits are determined by promotional cost also, if the firm is to expand operation

7. U.S. Firms It is not affected by exchange rate directly, the yen/dollar rate matters only to the extent that the rival firm’s output responds to it

8. Myopia Principles of organizing work, radical technologies, and globalization Willingness to invest capital for long-term payoffs Bias towards the short term Source of the current myopia Investment in opportunity

9. Platform Investment as Options Flexibility Platform investment –Design of an operating flexibility –Growth opinion Options on the future

10. The Problem of Myopic Heuristics Methods to evaluate option opportunities Four most telling sources of myopia –Financial Institutions –Budgeting Rules Strategic Planning –Strategic Business Units

11. Underinvestment Myopic biases will hurt industries when it matters the most Myopic versus far-sighted Stable versus volatile environments Uncertainty represents opportunity Advantage to early investment

12. Heuristics for Platform Investment Platforms, as options, valuable due to –uncertainty if this is present, then there needs to be flexibility –opportunity value of platform directly related to this some are more valuable than other –time dependence there is a dependence of decisions on time –discretion critical issue, needs to be accompanied by discretion to exercise the option

13. Platform Investments as Capabilities Organizational Capabilities –create quality, flexibility –most important platform a firm can build –support investment strategies into wide spectrum of opportunities Examples –Core Technologies –Joint Ventures –Flexible Manufacturing Systems –Country Platforms

14. Short-run Accountability for Long- run Results Accountability rests with managers –gather appropriate information –understand sources of uncertainty Market Structure It is important not to forget about competition Luxury of Losing Money Underwrite Losses in short term for long- term gains

15. Another Hidden Agenda: Japanese Management Accounting Japanese manufacturers continue to out perform U.S. competitors in cost, quantity, and on time delivery. Direct link between management accounting and long-term corporate goals Unlike the US, Japanese management accounting is used to influence, not just inform

16. Allocation & Market Design The Japanese allocate overhead based on direct labor –that creates the desire for more automation throughout the Company and encourages employees to work in harmony with it's long- term goals. Accounting for Market Driven Design: –The design stage holds the greatest promise for supporting low cost production

17. Goodbye Standard Costs Standard costs reflect an engineering mind- set and technology driven management. The goal is to minimize variances between budgeted costs and actual costs. Japanese market-driven philosophy requires doing what it takes to achieve a desired performance level under market conditions

18. Accounting & Strategy The central principle: accounting policies should be subservient to corporate strategy, not independent of it. Japanese focus on: quality, time delivery, and low cost production Extensively use nonfinancial measures to evaluate factory performance