1. 1 Workshop Topics - Outline Workshop 1 - Introduction Workshop 2 - module instantiation Workshop 3 - Lexical conventions Workshop 4 - Value Logic System Workshop 5 - Data types A Workshop 6 - Data types B Workshop 7 - Operators Workshop 8 - Signed arithmetic Workshop 9 - Behavioral modeling A Workshop 10 - Behavioral modeling B Workshop 11 - Behavioral modeling C Workshop 12 - Data flow modeling Workshop 13 - Coding Styles

2. 2 Structural Hierarchy Description Style Module Port/Variable/Data Declarations Direct instantiation and connections of modules from a separate calling module - From the structural hierarchy of the design A module may be declared anywhere in a design relative to where it is called Signals in the higher “calling” module, are connected to signals in the lower “called” module by either: - Named association - Positional association

3. 3 Module Port/Variable/Data Declarations Combined Variable Declaration and Initialization - Variables can be initialized when they are declared: reg clock = 0 ; // Replaces reg clock ; initial clock = 0 ; Combined Port/Data Declaration and Initialization: output reg [7:0] sum = 0 ; // can be written as sum = 8’b0 ; output reg co = 0 ; // can be written as co = 1’b0 ; Combined ANSI C Style Port Declaration and Initialization: module adder(output reg [7:0] sum = 0, output reg co = 0, input [7:0] a, b, input ci) ;

4. 4 Module interconnections: Ports Within a Verilog system model, module interconnections occur at two levels:  Peer to peer: modules interconnect with each other: Module B Module A  Hierarchical: one module incorporates the other: Module A Module B

5. 5 Module Ports Ports provide interface for the module to communicate with its environment. Declaration: ; Port direction can be input, output or inout (bi-directional). Example: // Traditional Verilog Syntax module my_module (in_port, inout_port, output_port) ; input [4:0] in_port ; // 5bits input port inout inout_port ; // single bit bi-directional port output wire (or reg) [14:0] out_port ; // 15bits output port endmodule // ANSI C Style Port Declarations Syntax module my_ module(input [4:0] in_port, inout inout_port, output wire (or reg) [14:0] out_port) ; endmodule

6. 6 Port Specifications An input port specifies an internal name for a vector or scalar, driven by external entity. An output port specifies an internal name for a vector or scalar, driven by internal entity, available external to the module. An inout bi-directional port specifies an internal name for a vector or scalar driven either by an internal or external entity. Input or inout port cannot be declared as of type register. Port is always considered as net, unless declared elsewhere as reg (only for output port)

7. 7 Correct Port Connection input inout output module net reg or net net

8. 8 Module Instantiation - Port connections Ports of the instances could be connected by name or by order list. For small # of ports, connect by order list, else, by name. module fa_tb ; module FA4 (sum, cout, a, b, cin) ; reg [3:0] A, B ; output wire [3:0] sum ; reg CIN ; output wire cout ; wire [3:0] SUM ; input [3:0] a, b ; wire COUT ; input cin ; // Instantiate/connect by Positional association (order list): FA4 fa_byorder (SUM, COUT, A, B, CIN) ; // Instantiate/connect by Named association (port name): FA4 fa_byname (.cout(COUT),.sum(SUM),.b(B),.cin(CIN),.a(A)); endmodule | endmodule

9. 9 Test Bench and UUT Instantiation Module Test Bench incorporates, hierarchically, the Unit Under Test (UUT) module Stimuli registers Monitor wires Unit Under Test inputs outputs wires wires, regs

10. 10 D_FF Test Bench `include “D_FF.v" // include the UUT Verilog file for simulator parsing `timescale 1ns / 100ps /* compiler directive. sets simulation’s time unit and precision */ module D_FF_tb () ; reg Clk, Nrst, D ; // Stimuli signals wire Q ; // Monitor signal D_FF UUT(Clk, Nrst, D, Q) ; // instantiation of the D_FF (UUT) initial begin Clk = 1'b0 ; Nrst = 1'b0 ; D = 1'b0 ; // System monitoring function $monitor($time,"Clk=%b, Nrst=%b, D=%b, Q=%b",Clk, Nrst, D, Q) ; end always #1 Clk = ~Clk ; // Clock declaration, t oggle clock every half-cycle initial begin #2 Nrst = 1'b1 ; // Out of reset #2 D = 1'b1 ; #2 $finish ; // System function - end simulation run end endmodule

11. 11 D_FF Simulation results

12. 12 4bit Counter `timescale 1ns / 100ps // result evaluated every 1ns, 100ps resolution module cntr_4b (clk, nrst, dout) ; // module name and ports list input clk, nrst ; // input ports - clock and active-low reset output reg [3 : 0] dout ; // counter output port always @ (posedge clk or negedge nrst) // if "or negedge nrst" deleted - synchronous reset begin if (!nrst) // Asynchronous reset dout = 4'b0 ; else // Out of reset - normal operation dout = dout + 1 ; // if -1, down counter end endmodule

13. 13 4bit Counter Test Bench `include “cntr_4b.v“ // include the UUT Verilog file for simulator parsing `timescale 1ns / 100ps module cntr_4b_tb ; reg Clk, Nrst ; // System Clock and active-low Reset Stimuli signals wire [3:0] Dout ; // Counter Output Monitor cntr_4b UUT (Clk, Nrst, Dout) ; // instantiation of the 4bits Counter initial begin Clk = 1'b0 ; Nrst = 1'b0 ; // System monitoring function $monitor($time, "Clk=%b, Nrst=%b, Dout=%h", Clk, Nrst, Dout) ; end always #1 Clk = ~Clk ; // Clock declaration. Clock cycle time = 2nSec initial begin #2 Nrst = 1'b1 ;// Out of reset #35 $finish ;// System function - end simulation run end endmodule

14. 14 4bit Counter Simulation results