1. Definition of Civil Engineering – Samuel C. Florman “Civil engineers design and construct buildings, dams, and bridges; towers, docks and tunnels – structures of all sorts. Civil Engineering also encompasses highways, railroads, and airports, along with water supply and sewage disposal. In short, civil engineering is basic and of the earth, historically – along with mining – the root of all engineering.”

3. Slaves tend the hair of their mistress

5. The Roman era was an age of inexpensive and abundant materials: Timber Stone Concrete

6. And of simple structural forms: Walls Beams Columns arches

7. Pozzolana from Bacoli in the Bay of NaplesBacoliBay of Naples

8. Concrete Bath at Caesarea

9. Civil Engineering Bureaucracy in Ancient Rome Architectus – Master Builder Agrimensors – land suveyors Librators -- levelers Mensors -- quantity measurers Aquelegus– aqueduct inspectors Viarum curator – superintendent of roads

11. Five Types of Roman Roads: Via – 14 ft. wide Actus – 7 ft. wide Iter – 5 ft. wide Senita – 2.5 ft. wide Callais – mountain road

17. Roman Bridges Borrowed Concept of the arch from the Etruscans Used the form to replace wooden structures Works were aesthetically balanced and stable Heavy piers Foundations that could withstand river currents – use of iron-tipped piles

21. Urban Water Supplies First of 11 aqueducts supplying water to Rome constructed by 300 BC 144 BC aqueduct “Marcia,” a high-level supply 58 miles long and 195 feet above the Tiber Use of water treatment techniques, especially use of lime as a coagulant

36. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio – On Architecture (15 AD) A architectus (master builder) should be broadly educated: –History –Law –Medicine –Philosophy –Astronomy

39. “let the architectus not be grasping or have his mind occupied with the idea of receiving requisites, but let him with dignity keep his position by cherishing a good reputation. No work can be rightly done without honesty and incorruptibility.”

40. The Groma

42. Julius Frontinius – On Water – 199 AD Frontinius was the commissioner of Rome from 97-104 AD The Romans built over 200 city water supplies

43. Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) – 5 Attributes marked Rome at its end: A mounting love of show and luxury A widening gap between the rich and the poor An obsession with sex Freakishness in the arts, masquerading as originality An increased desire to live of the state