1. The Practice of Statistics, 5th Edition Starnes, Tabor, Yates, Moore Bedford Freeman Worth Publishers CHAPTER 6 Random Variables 6.1 Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

2. Learning Objectives After this section, you should be able to: The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition2 COMPUTE probabilities using the probability distribution of a discrete random variable. CALCULATE and INTERPRET the mean (expected value) of a discrete random variable. CALCULATE and INTERPRET the standard deviation of a discrete random variable. COMPUTE probabilities using the probability distribution of certain continuous random variables. Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

3. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition3 Do Now The army reports that the distribution of head circumference among male soldiers is approximately Normal with mean 22.8 inches and standard deviation 1.1 inches. (a) A male soldier whose head circumference is 23.9 inches would be at what percentile? Show your method clearly. (b) The army’s helmet supplier regularly stocks helmets that fit male soldiers with head circumferences between 20 and 26 inches. Anyone with a head circumference outside that interval requires a customized helmet order. What percent of male soldiers require custom helmets?

4. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition4 Correct Answer (a) For male soldiers, head circumference follows a N(22.8, 1.1) distribution and we want to find the percent of soldiers with head circumference less than 23.9 inches (see graph below). From Table A, the proportion of z-scores below 1 is 0.8413. Using technology: normalcdf(lower:–10 00,upper:23.9,μ:22.8,σ:1.1) = 0.8413. About 84% of soldiers have head circumferences less than 23.9 inches. Thus, 23.9 inches is at the 84th percentile. Table A

5. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition5 (b) For male soldiers, head circumference follows a N(22.8, 1.1) distribution and we want to find the percent of soldiers with head circumferences less than 20 inches or greater than 26 inches (see graph below). and From Table A, the proportion of z-scores below z = −2.55 is 0.0054 and the proportion of z-scores above 2.91 is 1 − 0.9982 = 0.0018, for a total of 0.0054 + 0.0018 = 0.0072. Using technology: 1 − normalcdf(lower:20,upper:26,μ:22.8,σ:1.1) = 1 − 0.9927 = 0.0073. A little less than 1% of soldiers have head circumferences less than 20 inches or greater than 26 inches and require custom helmets.Table A

6. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition6 Random Variables and Probability Distributions A probability model describes the possible outcomes of a chance process and the likelihood that those outcomes will occur. A random variable takes numerical values that describe the outcomes of some chance process. The probability distribution of a random variable gives its possible values and their probabilities. X = 0: TTT X = 1: HTT THT TTH X = 2: HHT HTH THH X = 3: HHH Value0123 Probability1/83/8 1/8 Consider tossing a fair coin 3 times. Define X = the number of heads obtained

7. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition7 Discrete Random Variables A discrete random variable X takes a fixed set of possible values with gaps between. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X lists the values x i and their probabilities p i : Value: x 1 x 2 x 3 … Probability: p 1 p 2 p 3 … The probabilities p i must satisfy two requirements: 1.Every probability p i is a number between 0 and 1. 2.The sum of the probabilities is 1. To find the probability of any event, add the probabilities p i of the particular values x i that make up the event. Discrete Random Variables And Their Probability Distributions There are two main types of random variables: discrete and continuous. If we can find a way to list all possible outcomes for a random variable and assign probabilities to each one, we have a discrete random variable.

8. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition8 Mean (Expected Value) of a Discrete Random Variable When analyzing discrete random variables, we follow the same strategy we used with quantitative data – describe the shape, center, and spread, and identify any outliers. The mean of any discrete random variable is an average of the possible outcomes, with each outcome weighted by its probability. Suppose that X is a discrete random variable whose probability distribution is Value: x 1 x 2 x 3 … Probability: p 1 p 2 p 3 … To find the mean (expected value) of X, multiply each possible value by its probability, then add all the products: Suppose that X is a discrete random variable whose probability distribution is Value: x 1 x 2 x 3 … Probability: p 1 p 2 p 3 … To find the mean (expected value) of X, multiply each possible value by its probability, then add all the products:

9. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition9 Mean (Expected Value) of a Discrete Random Variable A baby’s Apgar score is the sum of the ratings on each of five scales, which gives a whole-number value from 0 to 10. Let X = Apgar score of a randomly selected newborn Compute the mean of the random variable X. Interpret this value in context. We see that 1 in every 1000 babies would have an Apgar score of 0; 6 in every 1000 babies would have an Apgar score of 1; and so on. So the mean (expected value) of X is: The mean Apgar score of a randomly selected newborn is 8.128. This is the average Apgar score of many, many randomly chosen babies.

10. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition10 Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable Since we use the mean as the measure of center for a discrete random variable, we use the standard deviation as our measure of spread. The definition of the variance of a random variable is similar to the definition of the variance for a set of quantitative data. Suppose that X is a discrete random variable whose probability distribution is Value: x 1 x 2 x 3 … Probability: p 1 p 2 p 3 … and that µ X is the mean of X. The variance of X is Suppose that X is a discrete random variable whose probability distribution is Value: x 1 x 2 x 3 … Probability: p 1 p 2 p 3 … and that µ X is the mean of X. The variance of X is To get the standard deviation of a random variable, take the square root of the variance.

11. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition11 Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable A baby’s Apgar score is the sum of the ratings on each of five scales, which gives a whole-number value from 0 to 10. Let X = Apgar score of a randomly selected newborn Compute and interpret the standard deviation of the random variable X. The formula for the variance of X is The standard deviation of X is σ X = √(2.066) = 1.437. A randomly selected baby’s Apgar score will typically differ from the mean (8.128) by about 1.4 units.

12. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition12 Continuous Random Variables Discrete random variables commonly arise from situations that involve counting something. Situations that involve measuring something often result in a continuous random variable. A continuous random variable X takes on all values in an interval of numbers. The probability distribution of X is described by a density curve. The probability of any event is the area under the density curve and above the values of X that make up the event. The probability model of a discrete random variable X assigns a probability between 0 and 1 to each possible value of X. A continuous random variable Y has infinitely many possible values. All continuous probability models assign probability 0 to every individual outcome. Only intervals of values have positive probability.

13. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition13 Example: Normal probability distributions The heights of young women closely follow the Normal distribution with mean µ = 64 inches and standard deviation σ = 2.7 inches. Now choose one young woman at random. Call her height Y. If we repeat the random choice very many times, the distribution of values of Y is the same Normal distribution that describes the heights of all young women. Problem: What’s the probability that the chosen woman is between 68 and 70 inches tall?

14. The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition14 Example: Normal probability distributions Step 1: State the distribution and the values of interest. The height Y of a randomly chosen young woman has the N(64, 2.7) distribution. We want to find P(68 ≤ Y ≤ 70). Step 2: Perform calculations—show your work! The standardized scores for the two boundary values are

15. Section Summary In this section, we learned how to… The Practice of Statistics, 5 th Edition15 COMPUTE probabilities using the probability distribution of a discrete random variable. CALCULATE and INTERPRET the mean (expected value) of a discrete random variable. CALCULATE and INTERPRET the standard deviation of a discrete random variable. COMPUTE probabilities using the probability distribution of certain continuous random variables. Discrete and Continuous Random Variables