1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Big Bang Theory

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Learning A process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes A permanent change in behavior based on experience

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Behaviorist Believe infants are born with only three instinctive responses 1. Fear 2. Rage 3. Love All others behaviors are developed during life through learning

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Power of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again Negative Reinforcement Removal of an unpleasant stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior Every time Madge raises her hand in class she is called on. She raised her hand 3 time during the first class, 3 times in the second and 4 times during the last class. A child is allowed to skip a required chore if homework is finished by a certain time.

5. Positive Reinforcement Something pleasant is presented Negative Reinforcement Something unpleasant is removed

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Positive Reinforcement Giving a treat to a dog when it sits (If this results in an increase in the future behavior of the dog sitting). Negative Reinforcement Turning off an annoying song when a child asks their parent and says “Please” (If this results in an increase in the asking behavior of the child).

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Watch video Alfie Kohn vs Dwight Schrute on Youtube

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Skinner Box An Operant Chamber…The Skinner Box A testing device programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers dependent upon an animal’s behavior

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Watch video Skinner Box - Lever Press on Youtube

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11. Skinner’s Air Crib It was designed to make the early childcare more simple (by greatly reducing laundry, diaper rash, cradle cap, etc.), while encouraging the baby to be more confident, mobile, comfortable, healthy and less prone to cry.

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13. Primary Reinforcers Reinforcers that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism Food Sleep Sex Air Water

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Secondary Reinforcers Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers Money Awards Praise Grades Success Power Virtually any stimulus can become a secondary reinforcer

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Premack Principle The concept that a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one Example: A teacher lets kids run around (preferred activity) to reinforce a less preferred one (sitting still and listening)

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement A reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced Possible Problems: 1. Correct responses can be missed, causing confusion 2. Typically loses its reinforcing quality

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Intermittent (or Partial) Reinforcement A reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced Resistant to extinction Reinforcement

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 How does this differ from extinction in classical conditioning? Reinforcement Extinction In operant conditioning, a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Extinction Operant Conditioning A learned response is weakened by the removal or absence of reinforcement A. If a child has learned that if it cries it will get a toy, withhold the toy B. A child cries for attention, simply ignore the child until the crying stops Classical Conditioning The CR (dog salivating) is eliminated by repeated presentations of the CS (bell/tone) without the UCS (food) A reversal of a learned response by withholding the UCS

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Shaping Technique where responses similar to desired response are reinforced Example: Getting a scared child to slide down a high slide Begin at the bottom, and gradually go higher up the slide with each turn until the child is at the top.

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Behavior Modification Extinguish an undesirable behavior by removing the reinforcer and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement. Example: Quit smoking --- chew gum --- save $ It has been used on all sorts of psychological problems -- addictions, neuroses, shyness, autism, even schizophrenia -- and works particularly well with children.

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23. Schedules of Reinforcement 1. Ratio Schedules Provide a reward after a certain number of responses (Ratio = number) 2. Interval Schedules Provide reward after a certain time interval Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI)

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25. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) Rewards appear after a certain set number of responses Example: A factory workers gets paid after every 10 cases of a product are completed

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) The number of responses for a reward (reinforcement) varies Example: Telemarketers never know how many calls it takes to make a sale slot machine pay-offs

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) Time period between rewards remains constant Example: Weekly paycheck Quarterly school grades

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) Rewards appear after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies Example: Random visits from the boss who delivers praise Fishing

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Problem of Punishment Punishment An aversive consequence used to weaken the behavior that follows How does this differ from negative reinforcement?

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement Loud NoisePress Lever Loud Noise Removed Loud Noise Applied Response Consequence Negative Reinforcement Punishment No Noise

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Two Types of Punishment 1. Positive Punishment The application of an aversive stimulus after a response Touching a hot stove will likely reduce the chance of it happening again Washing your mouth out with soap for swearing

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Two Types of Punishment 2. Negative Punishment (Omission Training) The removal of an reinforcer/stimulus after a response Taking the car keys from a misbehaving teen A child who talks back may not be allowed to watch it’s favorite cartoon

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Four Kinds of Consequences Positive or appetitive Negative or aversive STIMULUS - Remove Negative Reinforcement Aspirin curing headache causes more aspirin use Omission Training Missing dinner leads to less staying out late + Present Positive Reinforcement Bonus for working hard leads to more hard work Punishment Getting speeding ticket leads to less speeding

34. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Why Punishment Doesn’t Work 1.The power of punishment usually disappears when threat of punishment is removed Punishment… 2. …often triggers aggression or escape 3. …may increase apprehension in the learner, inhibiting the learning new and better responses 4. …is often unfair and applied unequally

35. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 When Does Punishment Work? It must be immediate It must be immediate It must be certain and consistent It must be certain and consistent It should be limited in duration and intensity It should be limited in duration and intensity Should be clearly target the behavior, not the person Should be clearly target the behavior, not the person Limited to the situation in which the response occurred Limited to the situation in which the response occurred Should not send mixed messages (I can hit you but you can’t hit others Should not send mixed messages (I can hit you but you can’t hit others Negative punishment is the most effective Negative punishment is the most effective

36. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Alternatives to Punishment Extinction Reinforcing preferred activities – The Premack Principle Prompting and shaping

37. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Operant and Classical Conditioning Compared Classical Conditioning involves the association of two stimuli (UCS + CS) before the response or behavior It is largely a response to past stimulation and ends with the response Operant Conditioning involves a reinforcing (reward) or punishing stimulus after a response or behavior Is directed at attaining some future reinforcement or avoiding punishment and requires a stimulus that follows the response