1. STRATEGIES AND TEACHING A SECOND LANGUAGE ENGLISH LANGUAGE METHODOLOGY II Prof. R. Correa II Semester 2007 I Semester 2009

2. WHAT ARE LEARNING Strategies STYLES? Tools Techniques Special sts behaviour Conscious processes Learners use them to learn and to regulate learning They are employed by the learner They are focused on SLL Communicative Str ( Nunan 1999) Information Str ( Carter & Nunan 2001)

3. WHAT ARE LEARNING Strategies STYLES? Conscious steps or behaviours Intentional thoughts Taxonomy ( Oxford 1989)

4. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning style The way learners percieve, interact with and respond to the enviroment. How individuals process inf. In different ways. Individual’s natural habitual and preferred ways of absorbing,and retaining new inf and skills Related to personality and cognition. Trends that differentiate you from others The way a person learns or gets knowledge best: auditory,kinethic,visual..

5. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning strategy Cognitive &Metacognitive steps that learners use to achieve a goal. Specific actions to make learning easier, faster and more enjoyable to new situations. Activities that help people to use their own learning style, to best approach new learning Methods used for a long period of time to achieve learning aims. Specific methods of approaching a task. Planned designs for manipulating certain inf.

6. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning style Oxford (1989: 2), states that this concept includes four dimensions a)every day and favourite patterns of mental work, b)attitude and interest patterns which influence the attention of a person in a learning situation, c)tendency to look for compatible learning situations with our own patterns of learning and d) selective use of learning strategies

7. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY “The strategies used by one individual my vary enormously, but learning styles are more constant and predictable but not always fixed”( Brown 2001: 210).

8. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Researches have shown that successful students are those who know and can modify their learning strategies (Brown, 2000)

9. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning Strategy Specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques that students (often intentionally) use to improve their progress in developing L2 skills. These strategies can facilitate the internalization, storage, retrieval, or use of the new language. Strategies are tools for the self- directed involvement necessary for developing communicative ability. (Oxford, 1992/1993, p. 18)

10. LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning Strategies do not operate by themselves, but rather directly tied to learner’s underlying learning style and other personality- related variables in the learner.(Brown,1991& Cohen, 2000)

11. Learning Strategies Workshop 1 Work in groups of four. Read the different definitions about Learning Strategies Select from all the definitions the aspects they have in common. Select those aspects you think are relevant to your English classes. Be ready to support your ideas.

12. Main features to learn english To Facilitate learning( efficient, effective) A Conscious process that helps to regulate learning Ceballos, Martínez, Norambuena & Orellana ( 2009) Ceballos et all (2009) Specific tools (in the sense that sts choose them) Intentional choice LLS influence learning Cid,Favero,Hernández & Lepillàn(2009)

13. Main features to learn english Improvement progress Lls are facilitators LLS engage sts into Learning Aguilera,Celedón,Fuentes, Ibañez & Pérez ( 2009) Self-directed behaviour Promote a better comminicative lg Organized steps tofollow They influence the communicative task Burgos,Medina & Sanhueza(2009)

14. Learning Strategies Features 1. Contribute to the main goal, communicative competence. 2. Allow learners to become more self- directed. 3. Expand the role of teachers. 4. Are problem oriented.

15. Learning Strategies Features 5. They are specific actions taken by the learner. 6. Involve many aspects of the learner, not just the cognitive. 7. Support learning both directly and indirectly 8. They are not always obsevable.

16. Learning Strategies Features 9. Are often conscious 10. Can be taught 11. Are flexible 12. Are influenced by a variety of factors

17. Learning Strategies Features 13. They are task oriented. 14. They imply decision- making to the student. 15. Its selection involves cognitive and metacognitive processes. 16. They allow autonomy.

18. Learning Strategy Instruction LLS have an explicit goal of assisting learners in improving their knowledge in the target language. Language Use of Strategies (LUS) focus primarily on employing the language that learners have in their current interlanguage.

19. CLASSIFICATION OR TAXONOMIES OF LLS. Naiman et al. (1978). Rubin (1981) Oxford (1990 ) Wenden (1991) Stern (1991) Brown ( 2000)

20. Diagram of the Strategy System DIRECT STRATEGIESINDIRECT STRATEGIES CognitiveCompensationMemorySocialAffectiveMetacognitive Creating mental LinkageCreating mental Linkage Applying images and soundApplying images and sound Reviewing wellReviewing well Employing actionEmploying action Practicing Receiving and sending messages.Receiving and sending messages. Analyzing and reasoningAnalyzing and reasoning Creating structure for input and outputCreating structure for input and output Guessing intelligentlyGuessing intelligently Overcoming limitations in speaking and writingOvercoming limitations in speaking and writing Centering your learning.Centering your learning. Arranging and planning your listening.Arranging and planning your listening..Evaluating your learning.Evaluating your learning Lowering your anxiety. Encouraging yourself.Lowering your anxiety. Encouraging yourself. Taking your emotional temperature.Taking your emotional temperature. Asking questions.Asking questions. Cooperatin g with others.Cooperatin g with others Empathizin g with others.Empathizin g with others.

21. Diagram of the Strategy System Oxford (1990 ) DIRECT STRATEGIES Memory Strategies Cognitive Strategies Compensation Strategies INDIRECT STRATEGIES Social Strategies Afective Strategies Metacognitive Strategies

22. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Direct Strategies Memory Strategies A. Creating mental Linkage B. Applying images and sound C.Reviewing well D.Employing action

23. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Cognitive Strategies A. Practicing B. Receiving and sending messages. C. Analyzing and reasoning D. Creating structure for input and output

24. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Compensation Strategies A. Guessing intelligently B. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

25. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Metacognitive Strategies A. Centering your learning. B. Arranging and planning your listening. C.Evaluating your learning.

26. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Affective Strategies A. Lowering your anxiety. B. Encouraging yourself. C.Taking your emotional temperature.

27. Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Social Strategies A. Asking questions. B. Cooperating with others. C. Empathizing with others.

28. WORKSHOP 2 Check your attitude towards Memory Strategies List at least 4 new ideas about Mstrategy you gained from this ppt. Brainstorm the way MS might be used in 2 different settings:lg classroom, naturalistic setting outside the classroom

29. Direct Strategies and Language Skills 1.Memory Strategies 1.1Creating Mental Linkages Grouping (L/R) Associating /Elaborating (L/R) Placing new words in context (A) 1.2 Applying Images and Sounds Using imagery (L/R) Semantic mapping (L/R) Using key words (L/R) Representing sound in memory(L/R/S)

30. 1.Memory Strategies and Language Skills 1.3 Reviewing Well Structured reviewing (A) 1.4 Employing action Using physical response (L/R) Using mechanicla techniques(A)

31. 2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills 2.1 Practicing Repeating(A) Formally practicing with sounds and writing system(L/S/W) Recognizing and using formulas and patterns(A) Recombining(S/W) Practising naturalistically(A)

32. 2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills 2.2 Receiving and Sending messages Getting the idea quickly.(L/R) Using resources for receiving and sending information.(A) 2.3 Analyzing and Reasoning Reasoning deductively(A) Analyzing expressions(L/R) Analyzing contrastively(L/R) Translating(A) Transferring(A)

33. 2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills 2.4 Creating Structure for input and output Taking notes (L/R/W) Summarizing(L/R/W) Highlighting(L/R/W)

34. 3.Compensation Strategies and Language Skills 3.1 Guessing intelligently Using linguistic clues (L/R) Using other clues (L/R) 3.2 Overcoming limitations in Speaking and Writing (S/W) Switching to the mother tongue Getting help Using mime or gesture Avoiding communication partially or totally

35. 3.Compensation Strategies and Language Skills 3.2 Overcoming limitations in Speaking and Writing (S/W)  Selecting the topic  Adjust or appoximating the message  Coining words  Using circumlocution or Synonym

36. WORKSHOP 3 Consider a difficult subject 1. Write down 3 examples of times when a new subject seemed overwhelming. 2. Choose the single most interesting example and discuss what made it difficult for you. 3. List you affective(emotional and attitudinal) responses to that subject and explain what strategies you used to cope with those responses. 4. Consider your metacognitive control over the subject.

37. 1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills 1.1 Centering your learning  Overviewing and linking with already known material.(A)  Paying attention(A)  Delaying speech production to focus on listening.(L/S)

38. 1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills 1.2 Arranging and planning your learning (A)  Finding out about Lg. Learning  Organizing  Setting goals and objectives  Identifying the purpose of a lg. Task  Planning for a lg. Task  Seeking practice oppotunities

39. 1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills 1.3 Evaluating your Learning (A) Self-monitoring Self evaluating

40. 2.Affective Strategies and Language Skills 2.1 Lowering your anxiety (A)  Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation.  Using music  Using laughter 2.2 Encouraging yourself  Making positive statements  Taking riks wisely  Rewarding yourself

41. 2.Affective Strategies and Language Skills 2.3 Taking your emotional temperature (A)  Listening to your body  Using checklist  Writing a Language Learning Diary  Discussing your feelings with someone else.

42. 3. Social Strategies and Language Skills 3.1 Asking Questions  Asking for clarification or verification(L/R)  Asking for correction (S/W) 3.2 Cooperating with others (A)  Cooperating with peers  Cooperating with proficient users of the new lamguage.

43. 3. Social Strategies and Language Skills 3.3 Emphatizing with others (A) Developing cultural understanding Becoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings.