1. Reading Paradigms Chall’s stages to reading Early Literacy Issues –Phonological awareness Fluency concerns Comprehending Text LEApproach Programs

2. Chall’s Stages of Reading

3. Phonological Awareness preparation Phonemic segmentation Phoneme manipulation Syllable-splitting Blending Oddity Deletion

4. Assessing oral reading Word recognition accuracy on word list 100 independent; 95 instructional; 90 frustration Comprehension accuracy 90 independent; 75 instructional; 50 frustration Fluency includes rate and prosody -between 100-140 wpm at grade level Display Great Leaps activities

5. Increasing Fluency Have students practice high-frequency words Have student read words, phrases, or passages in timed sessions Use repeated readings until fluency is developed Model fluent reading Have students model reading to each other Conduct a readers’ theater where students read with voice inflections Review new vocabulary prior to reading a story or text (multisensory techniques are most effective)

6. Improving Comprehension Dr. Nancy Corbett, Ph.D. Improve Fluency Repeated Readings Provide Taped Stories Use Keywords Story Maps Encourage Metacognition Teach Paraphrasing Mnemonics Be creative

7. Language Experience Approach Mercer p.541-2; Winebrenner Teaching reading based upon a student’s oral and written expression 1.Student draws picture or talks about an event 2.Teacher writes down the story 3.Student works on the dictated words individually (Elkonin boxes) 4.Student gradually writes his/her own story What are the benefits of such a program?

8. Sum it up What is fluency? How can we improve it? What is phonological awareness? Name three tasks in helping students develop it. What are the three best predictors of reading achievement for young children? How can we help improve reading comprehension?