2. HPD 4CWorking with School age Children and Adolescents Mrs. Filinov

3. Ages 6 ‑ 9 Months What Your Toddler is Likely to Do Notice the size of objects, reaching for smaller objects with finger and thumb and larger objects with both hands. Know whether objects are near or far. Understand how objects can be used. For example, your toddler may bang blocks on the floor, shake a noisemaker harder, or push buttons on a toy. Search briefly for an object when it is taken away from her or him. Other Things Your Toddler May Do Drop objects and then look for them. Understand the concepts of “in” and “out.” For example, your toddler may drop several large beads in a cup, dump them out, and repeat. Use problem ‑ solving skills. For example, your toddler may pull the string of a pull toy to get it closer. Start to combine known behaviours in new ways. For example, your toddler may reach and crawl at the same time. May think of him ‑ or herself when looking at a child in photos or a mirror.

4. How You Can Help Cognitive Development, 6 – 9 months Give lots of praise for new skills. Give your toddler a range of objects or toys (fill ‑ and ‑ dump toys; toys for stacking, nesting, and sorting; toys with a variety of textures, shapes, sounds, colours, and weights; childproof books). Read books with your toddler. Play copy games, such as sticking out your tongue or banging a pan. Play hide ‑ and ‑ seek games. Play in ‑ and ‑ out games, such as putting blocks in a container and taking them out. Dance, play music, and sing with your toddler.

5. Ages 9 ‑ 12 Months What Your Toddler is Likely to Do Try to find objects that you have hidden. Try out new actions to reach the same goal, or change old actions through trial and error. Connect animals with actions and sounds, such as meows, barks, or chirps. Copy the actions of others. Develop stronger memory skills. Become aware of parents as separate people from him ‑ or herself. Your toddler may point when asked, “Who’s Mommy? Who’s Daddy?” Recognize own name, when spoken. Start to see cause and effect, such as the fact that things fall when dropped. Match shapes. For example, your toddler may place a cube in a matching square hole. Other Things Your Toddler May Do Enjoy looking at pictures. Point to the correct parts of the body when asked where they are. Know that smaller objects fit into larger ones. Search more for hidden objects. Repeat an action that gets a reaction, such as knocking over blocks. Put two ideas together, such as going to another room to get a toy and bringing it back. Leave an activity and return to it later.

6. How You Can Help Cognitive Development, 9 – 12 months Continue to breastfeed. Praise new accomplishments. Keep adding to the range of objects/toys you are providing for your toddler. Play action games in which you and your toddler take turns. Try blowing kisses, clapping, or peeking. Ask your toddler to help you find lost objects. Talk about cause and effect: “You dropped Teddy, so now Teddy is on the floor.” Read books with your toddler. Play music and encourage dancing and m

7. Ages 30 ‑ 36 Months What Your Toddler Is Likely to Do Compare sizes of things and use words like “bigger,” “smaller,” and “really little.” Try to play ‑ act thoughts and ideas. For example, your toddler may pretend to be a dinosaur. Count three objects. Match and sort similar pictures and objects. Enjoy creative movement. Other Things Your Toddler May Do Make a plan before taking action. For example, your toddler may search for needed felt ‑ board pieces before playing. Notice changes in nature, such as a seed growing a sprout. Use words related to time, such as “sleep time.”

8. How You Can Help Cognitive Development, 30 -36 months Continue to breastfeed. Praise successes. Keep adding to the range of things that you give your toddler. Provide dress ‑ up clothes and props. Give your toddler a broader range of art supplies. Try sticks, cotton balls, paper, and cones. Use laundry time as a chance to talk and sort clothing. Introduce the concept of first, second, third in simple games. Ask: “Who is first? Who comes second?” Provide more complex puzzles with three to six pieces. Cook with your toddler and explore different foods. Always remember to be safe in the kitchen! Continue to talk about time, shape, and colour concepts. Encourage your toddler to tell stories. Encourage creative moves to music. Teach and play singing games like Ring ‑ Around the ‑ Rosie and London Bridge.

9. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Pre-operational Concrete operations Formal operations

10. Sensor motor Stage: 0-2 Learning through 5 senses Object permanence Goal directed actions Rules for Toddlers If I’m doing or building something, all the pieces are mine. If it looks like mine, it’s mine. If I saw it first, it’s mine. If you are playing with something, and you put it down, it automatically becomes mine. If it’s broken, it’s yours Rules for Toddlers If I like it, it’s mine. If it’s in my hand, it’s mine. If I can take it from you, it’s mine. If I had it a little while ago, it’s mine. If it’s mine, it must never appear to be yours in any way.

11. Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Operations Semiotic function One-way logic Difficulty with centering & conservation Egocentrism Language develops

12. Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7 - 11 Hands on’ thinking Conservation, identity, compensation Reversibility Classification Serration

13. Formal Operational Stage: Ages 11 - 15 Not all individuals reach this stage Hypothetico-deductive reasoning ‘Scientific’ reasoning Adolescent egocentrism & imaginary audience

14. Limitations of Piaget Stage theory inconsistencies Underestimating children's abilities Cognitive development & information processing Overlooks influence of cultural and social groups