1. Gender and Multicultural Leadership: The Future of Governance American Political Science Association Annual Meeting Chicago September 2, 2004 © 2004 Gender and Multicultural Leadership Project

2. Principal Investigators: Christine Marie Sierra, University of New Mexico Carol Hardy-Fanta, University of Massachusetts Boston Pei-te Lien, University of Utah Dianne M. Pinderhughes, University of Illinois Urbana Research Associate: Wartyna Davis, William Paterson University The GMCL Project is supported by a major grant from the Ford Foundation. Introductions

3. Today ’ s Roundtable Overview of project goals, research questions & methodology A “first look” at some preliminary results Theoretical and methodological issues/ challenges Future project activities

4. Project Goals Provide baseline data on leadership in the 21st century Provide within/across group comparisons Expand scholarship & examine empirically the category of “women of color” Identify prospects for coalition and/or competition

5. Research Questions 1.To what extent have women and men of color achieved descriptive representation in Congress, statewide offices, state legislatures, local governments, and school boards? 2.Compared to men of color and white women, do women of color hold distinctive political and social identities and conceptions of representation?

6. Research Questions (cont’d) 3.What are the prospects for coalition, competition, and conflict within and across the three groups, especially with regard to their positions on selected policy areas? 4.Do women of color provide a bridging function that facilitates cooperation and coalition across diverse groups of decision makers (and constituents)?

7. Project Components 1.National database of elected officials of color 2.Annotated bibliography and analytical framework on the intersection of gender, race/ethnicity, class 3.Telephone survey of elected officials of color 4.Project website (under construction) www.gmcl.org

8. Report on Component #1: National Database Combined data from existing directories on African- American, Latino/a, and Asian elected officials into uniform dataset Included Native American elected officials at the congressional and legislative levels Added variables on gender, party, and aggregate demographic data from the US Census linked to state/municipal jurisdictions Conducted preliminary bivariate analysis by gender, race/ethnicity: Who are our current elected officials of color?

12. Note: Excludes elected officials in non-partisan races and those for whom no party affiliation was given.

14. Parity Ratios by Race/Ethnicity & Gender, Congress & State Legislatures, 2002* Race*GenderU.S. CongressState Legislature White men2.332.04 Black men.66.84 Asian men.43 Latino men.38.30 Black women.35.37 White women.28.53 Latina women.18.13 Asian women.09.18 * Parity ratio is calculated as the percent in the office divided by the percent in the population. © 2004 Gender and Multicultural Leadership Project

16. Presidential “Battleground States”: Legislators of Color (%) & Population of Color EOC’s PopOC (%) (%) AR11.921.4 AZ24.536.2 CO15.025.5 FL26.334.6 IA2.77.4 LA22.937.5 MO8.616.2 NC15.929.8 NH1.24.9 NM49.155.3 NV14.334.8 OH13.616.0 OR4.416.5 PA8.315.9 WI7.612.7

19. Presidential “Battleground States”: Legislators of Color (%) & Population of Color EOC’s PopOC (%) (%) AR11.921.4 AZ24.536.2 CO15.025.5 FL26.334.6 IA2.77.4 LA22.937.5 MO8.616.2 NC15.929.8 NH1.24.9 NM49.155.3 NV14.334.8 OH13.616.0 OR4.416.5 PA8.315.9 WI7.612.7

21. Methodological Challenges Language is political: Elected officials of color? Non-White? “Minority” Difficulty collecting data on Native Americans Who counts as elected officials of color? Surprising: A multicultural identity? Complexity #1: multiple races/ethnicities and levels Complexity #2: the challenge of municipal & county government structure across state. Lack of standard collection method Correspondence between district & census data