1. The Human Body Skeletal, Muscular & Integumentary Systems
Textbook Chapter 13
Review Book Topic 1

2. Structure of the Skeletal System
206 bones in the human body
Two divisions:
Axial ~ skull, vertebral column, ribs
and sternum
Appendicular ~ bones of shoulders,
arms, hands, hips, legs and feet

4. Types of Bones
Connective tissue classified as short, long, flat or irregular
Compact ~ dense/strong for strength and protection
Spongy ~ contains cavities that contains bone marrow in the center of short or flat bones

6. Bone marrow Red ~ produces red and white blood cells
Arm, leg, rib, vertebrata, and pelvis bones
Children’s bones have more than adult bones (only 21% left by age 21)
Yellow ~ stores fat

8. Bone Function
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell formation

9. Bone Formation Composed of cartilage in embryos
During fetal development they form into osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
Ossification leads to the formation, growth and repair of bones
Does not occur in the tip of your nose, between vertebrate discs, and lining of joints

10. Bone Repair Simple fracture – doesn’t break through skin
Compound fracture – breaks
Stress fracture – thin crack
in bone

11. When a bone is fractured, repair happens immediately
Endorphins (chemicals which act as natural pain killers) flood the area of injury temporarily
Area becomes swollen which lasts for 2-3 weeks
Blood clots form within 8 hours
New bone begins to form as cartilage (weak)

12. Three weeks later, spongy bones surrounds break
Stronger, compact bone forms
Splints/casts help hold bones
in place while healing
Age, nutrition, location and
severity of break influence
healing
4/6 weeks to 6 months

13. Joints Occur where two or more bones meet
Can be classified based on movement and shape (except bones of skull)
Not all joints are moveable
Ligaments – bands of connective tissue which attach two bones together

14. Types: Ball-and-Socket Pivot Hinge Widest range of movement
Ex. hips/shoulders
Pivot
Rotation
Ex. neck/head
Hinge
Back-and-forth movement
(door hinge)
Ex. knee/elbow

15. Gliding Sutures Side-to-side movement Back-and-forth movement
Ex. wrists, ankles, vertebra
Sutures
Non-moveable
Skull joints (22 bones)

17. Muscular System
Consists of groups of fibers or muscle cells bound together
Classified according to their
structure and function
Tendons – attach muscle to bone

19. Types of Muscle
Smooth
Involuntary muscles which cannot be controlled consciously
Ex. organ muscles: stomach, bladder, intestines, uterus

20. Cardiac Involuntary muscle of the heart
Arranged in a web to allow for muscle contraction
Striated with light and dark bands with many nuclei

21. Skeletal Majority of muscles in the body Muscles attached to bones
Voluntary movement which is consciously controlled
Striated

24. Integumentary System Organ system that covers and protects the body
Main organ: skin
Tissue types:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue

25. Epithelial tissue covers the body surfaces
Connective tissue provides support and protection
Muscle tissue is involved with movement
Nerve tissue forms the body’s
communication network

26. Functions of Integumentary System
Temperature Regulation
Vitamin Production
Protection
Senses

27. Structure of the Skin Epidermis Outer layer of skin 10-30 cells thick
Outer cells contain keratin
Waterproof, protective protein layer on top of skin
Melanin
Pigment that absorbs light energy
Amount produced influences skin color

29. Dermis Layer below epidermis 10-40 times thicker than epidermis
Consists of connective tissue to prevent skin from tearing and gives it elasticity
Contains nerve cells, muscle fibers, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles
Deeper layer stores fat to help retain body heat

31. Hair and Nails Contain keratin Develop from epithelial cells
Hair grows out of hair follicles
Nails grow 0.5 to 1.2 mm per day