1. Ancient Near East Outside the River Valley

3. The Covenant : "you will be my people and I will be your god" Monotheism

4. Ancient Hebrews Semitic people at Ur Semitic people at Ur Abraham: the Patriarch (of Judaism, thus Christianity and Islam) Abraham: the Patriarch (of Judaism, thus Christianity and Islam) Enslavement in Egypt (Hyksos?) Enslavement in Egypt (Hyksos?) Return to Canaan (the promised land) Return to Canaan (the promised land) Unification under Saul, David, Solomon Unification under Saul, David, Solomon Division into Israel (North) and Judah (South) Division into Israel (North) and Judah (South) Conquered by Assyrians and Babylonians Conquered by Assyrians and Babylonians “Babylonian Captivity “Babylonian Captivity

5. David and Goliath Epic battle of the Hebrews vs Philistines

6. the David Michelangelo

8. Phoenicians Canaan (Semitic roots) Canaan (Semitic roots) City-State System – prone to attack City-State System – prone to attack Alphabet Alphabet Trade & Production (glass, purple dye) Trade & Production (glass, purple dye) Colonization – Europe, North Africa Colonization – Europe, North Africa Navigation techniques Navigation techniques

9. Hittites Indo-European roots Indo-European roots Asia Minor center of political activity @ Hattusha Asia Minor center of political activity @ Hattusha Built an empire – into Mesopotamia and Levant Built an empire – into Mesopotamia and Levant Discovery of Iron Metallurgy Discovery of Iron Metallurgy Adopted many Cultural characteristics from Mesopotamian river valley groups Adopted many Cultural characteristics from Mesopotamian river valley groups Battle of Kadesh Battle of Kadesh

10. Battle at Kadesh

11. What is significant? Monotheism Missionaries of Civilization Iron Metallurgy