1. The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
&
American Revolution

2. Ch 18: The Enlightenment and the American Revolution Section 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason. Do Now: 1. Copy Topic and Objective: Topic: The Enlightenment Objective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment thinkers applied reason and laws of nature to human society. 2. Think: Do you have the right to say whatever you want to say? What gives you that right?

3. 1. Enlightenment= Age of Reason (1700s)
People are talking, talking, talking ….. About…
ideas of the Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s)
HUMAN REASON used to understand science (physical laws)
HUMAN REASON can be used to understand NATURAL LAWS: laws that govern human nature
Natural laws can be studied to understand human behavior, society and governments.

4. 2. SOCIAL CONTRACT JOHN LOCKE THOMAS HOBBES Levithan
People cruel, greedy, selfish
Life in “state of nature” = brutish
People enter a SOCIAL CONTRACT: give up state of nature for an orderly society
Government: absolute monarchy to impose order and obedience
JOHN LOCKE
People reasonable & moral
Have NATURAL RIGHTS: from birth and cannot be taken away
Life, liberty, property
Two Treatises of Government
People form gov’t’s to protect natural rights
Best gov’t = limited power
People can abolish gov’t if it does not fulfill its obligation to protect their natural rights

5. 3. MONTESQUIEU, France (1700s)
Studied governments, criticized absolute monarchies
The Spirit of the Laws
Admired Britain’s limited monarchy = protection against tyranny
SEPARATION OF POWERS = best way to protect liberty
DQ: Is there a separation of powers in our government?

6. 4. The Philosophes = Thinkers
France
Apply laws of science to understand and improve society
Use reason to reform government, law, society
Francois-Marie Arouet
Denis Diderot
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

7. 4. The Philosophes: VOLTAIRE
“My trade is to say what I think”
Freedom of Speech; criticizes gov’t, corrption
Opposes slave trade
Believes in religious tolerance
Books burned, Voltaire exhiled
It does not require great art, or magnificently trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?
What does Voltaire say about religion?

8. 4. The Philosophes: Diderot
28-volume Encyclopedia
Why? “To change the general way of thinking”
Included articles by Montesquieu, Voltaire
Denounces slavery, praises freedom of expression
R.C Church threatens excommunication for those who buy or read the book
20, 000 copies printed and translated

9. 4. The Philosophes: Rousseau
DQ: Is this true today? Do people become corrupted due to society’s evils? Think about your project topics.
Comes from a poor family
People, in natural state, basically good
People corrupted by society’s evils, such as unequal wealth distribution
The Social Contract (1762)
Only minimal controls/ limitations need to be placed on people
GOVERNMENTS should be freely ELECTED
Good of COMMUNITY MORE IMPORTANT than individual interests
DQ: Agree? Disagree?
What is more important? Good of the community or individual interests?

10. 5. WOMEN
Philosophes: Women’s natural rights limited to home and family
Women’s protests ridiculed and condemned
Mary Wollstonecraft ….
Women’s first duty = motherhood
BUT a woman should make own decisions
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Calls for equal education for girls and boys
Education = tools for women to participate equally with men
DQ: How can education provide one with tools for political participation?
Mary Wollstonecraft:
“ Taught from infancy that beauty is woman’s scepter, the mind shapes itself to the body, and roaming round its gild cage, only seeks to adorn its prison.”

11. 6. Physiocrats: focus on economic reform
What is the cartoonist saying about laissez-faire?
Do you think a laissez-faire policy is a good one?
Use natural laws to define a rational economic system
LAIZZES FAIRE economic policy:
Business to operate with little or NO gov’t interference
Real wealth in land (mining, agriculture) NOT gold/ silver
Support free trade (no tariffs)
ADAM SMITH:
The Wealth of Nations
Free market to regulate business activity
Law of supply and demand

12. HOMEWORK
1. Section Review, Page 450 (1-6). 2. Journal: Which Enlightenment thinker do you most agree with and why? Explain how his or her ideas can be used to improve today’s society? Answer on loose paper. Assignment will be collected tomorrow.

13. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Objective: SWBAT explain how Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe, and how these ideas influenced reform.
DO NOW: PICK UP HANDOUT
Complete fill-in-the-blanks on top of sheet.
Enlightenment ideas …. about people’s rights, government, and social justice spread from France to the rest of Europe.

14. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Objective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe, and how it influenced reform.
What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas?
2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?
3. How did Enlightenment affect arts and literature?
Why were the lives of the majority unaffected?

15. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread
1. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas?
Censorship
Government & church authorities want to protect the old order
Monarchies and divine-right rule
Strict class systems
Restrict access to ideas and information
Writers disguise their ideas via works of fiction
Salons
Informal social gatherings
Arts, science, literature…. IDEAS discussed there
Attended by philosophes, writers, artists, middle class and nobility

16. Frederick the Great (Prussia)
How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?
Enlightened despots: absolute monarchs who brought political and social change BUT retained their power
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
Prussian academy of science
Helps peasants
Drains swamps, peasants grow potato
Distributes seeds and tools
Improves government
Religious tolerance
Simplifies laws
Reforms civil service system
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Charter of rights for nobles
Criticized serfdom BUT
did nothing about it

17. Prussia

18. Austria

19. Joseph II (Austria) “The Peasant Emperor” Religious Toleration
How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make?
Joseph II (Austria)
“The Peasant Emperor”
Disguised as a peasant, travels among
his subjects
Religious Toleration
Toward Jews, Protestants
Ended Censorship
Church Reform
Sold church properties, build hospitals

20. Modeled on Greek & Roman traditions
3. Arts and Literature
Art
Modeled on Greek & Roman traditions
1600s (Renaissance) - Baroque paintings: huge, colorful, lively, glorify historic battles
1700s - Rococo style in architecture and art: personal, elegant, charming, delicate designs
Middle-class: portraits of family, realistic scenes
Music: ballets and operas; ordered, structured
J.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, W.A. Mozart
Literature: straightforward prose for middle-class
Robinson Crusoe
Bach
Mozart

21. Majority = Peasants Live in small villages Old traditions
3. Lives of the Majority
Majority = Peasants
Live in small villages
Old traditions
West: peasants work on their OWN land or work for pay for the landowners
East: serfdom – peasants work on lord’s land
Late 1700s: radical enlightenment ideas reach villages….. Unrest ensues.

22. HOMEWORK JOURNALS (4th Entry):
IF YOU COULD HAVE A “SALON-STYLE” MEETING WITH ANY 3 THINKERS, SCIENTISTS OR POLITICIANS, WHO WOULD YOU INVITE AND WHY? What reforms do you think these people could help you with? Explain.

23. DO NOW: Copy Topic & Objectives
Topic: (1700s) Britain at Mid-Century (Ch 18.3)
Objectives:
SWBAT explain why Britain became a global power.
SWBAT explain the structure of constitutional government.
SWBAT explain how George III reasserted power.

24. 1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power
Geography & Trade
Britain controls trade during 1500s-1600s
Outposts in West Indies, India and North America
Outposts became COLONIES
Policy of mercantilism (OPPOSITE of laizzes faire)
BUT… less gov’t interference than in other countries
Wars
Nova Scotia & Newfoundland from France
Treaty of Paris 1763 ends French Indian War and gives the British French Canada
Navy protects empire

25. Appalachian Mountains
Ohio Country NJ
Appalachian Mountains

26. Prior to the French and Indian War After the French and Indian War

27. 1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power
Expansion at Home
Scotland: 1707 Act of Union results in the United Kingdom of Great Britain
Results in economic growth & prosperity
1715 & 1745: failed Scottish Rebellions
Ireland: controlled since 1100s
1600s English & Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland
Settlers get title to Irish Catholics’ lands
Catholics: forbidden to own weapons, marry non-Catholics and teach
Result: Uprisings…. Tension remains until current day

28. 2. Constitutional Government
A government whose power is defined and limited by law
Acts of Parliament, Magna Carta, Bill of Rights
Political parties, cabinet, prime minister
2. Political Parties
Tories- landowning aristocrats; to preserve old traditions, Anglican Church, favor the crown
Whigs – urban business interests, support religious toleration, favor Parliament

29. 2. Constitutional Government
3. The Cabinet System
Developed during 1700s under George I
Cabinet: a group of parliamentary advisors to the king
Made up of leaders of majority party in Parliament
Cabinet’s decisions approved by House of Commons
4. Prime Minister
Heads the Cabinet
Leader of majority party in Parliament
Chief official of British government

30. Britain’s Constitutional Government (1700s):
House of Lords
Highest Nobles
Parliament:
2 Parties:
Whigs- traditional
Tories - progressive
House of Commons
Landowners, businessmen
King
Limited by acts of Parliament, Magna Carta, Bill of Rights
Prime Minister:
Leads the Cabinet
Leader of Majority Party
Cabinet: Parliamentary Advisors

31. 3. Oligarchy
Oligarchy – a government in which the ruling power belongs to few people
Britain – rich landowners and wealthy business leaders control elections to House of Commons
VOTES – limited to few male property owners
Most British excluded from power:
poor, make living off land
many families are removed from their land as landowners buy up farms and take over common lands
Poor move to the towns/ cities
A merchant middle – class emerges

32. COMPLETE Chapter 18 Section 3 SECTION REVIEW (ALL QUESTIONS).
HOMEWORK
For Tomorrow
COMPLETE Chapter 18 Section 3 SECTION REVIEW (ALL QUESTIONS).

33. DO NOW: 1. Take out HW – not on desk = zero 2
DO NOW: 1. Take out HW – not on desk = zero 2. Copy topic & objectives (leave ½ page to finish notes from yesterday)
Topic: The American Revolution: Ideas &Issues (CH 18.4) Objectives: SWBAT explain the causes and effects of the American Revolution. SWBAT identify and discuss Enlightenment ideas that influenced the American Revolution.

34. 1. Issues: 1.Money 2.Abuses French & Indian War 1. Money
Result/ Problem: War debt must be paid off
Solution: Britain taxes the Colonies (sugar, tea, etc.)
2.Abuses
2. Abuses
“No taxation without representation”… colonists want representation in Parliament
Other complaints: quartering of soldiers, mercantilist policies… in short, King George is abusing the colonies
3.Rebellions
Boston Massacre (1773) Rebellions
Continental Congress meets
1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence; unalienable rights & popular sovereignty

35. People Enlightenment Ideas Jefferson Locke
NATURAL RIGHTS
Life, Liberty, Property
UNALIENABLE RIGHTS Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
Governments: protect rights; can be abolished
Second Treatise on Government
Declaration of Independence
2. IDEAS: Europe: Enlightenment Ideas The Colonies: 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine

36. American Revolution: Patriots (colonists) British VS.
Patriots – Support Independence
“home court” advantage
Initially loosing most battles
British
Loyalists – support King
Professional army
Well equipped, wealthy
VS.
1777 = turning point in war
France joins Patriots
Supplies, soldiers, warships
Spain, Netherlands also join
Battle of Yorktown 1781
Treaty of Paris 1783

37. Constitution establishes a Federal Republic
plan for government
Influenced by Enlightenment ideas
Separation of powers: 3 branches of government
Federalism: power divided between federal and state governments
Bill of Rights: lists citizen’s rights and freedoms (in reality, not all citizens were granted these rights)

38. President & Vice President
US Constitution
Executive Branch
President & Vice President
Cabinet
Departments
Legislative Branch
Congress
Senate
House of Representatives
Judicial Branch
Courts

39. HOMEWORK Due Wednesday: COMPLETE CH. 18
HOMEWORK Due Wednesday: COMPLETE CH SECTION REVIEW (1-7) Due Thursday: CHAPTER REVIEW STUDY GUIDE YOUR TEST IS ON FRIDAY!!!