1. Industrial Revolution

2. Effects of the Industrial Revolution What was the industrial revolution? –Machines coordinated to make goods –Energy from non-animal sources –Industry grew 4 times faster Changed all aspects of society –Most profound effect since agriculture –Government change Political and military balance Europe as dominant power –Transformed social classes –Higher standard of living for most

3. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

5. Origins Agricultural revolution -Fertilizer use –Yields improved 300% 1700-1850 Growth of foreign trade for manufactured goods –Foreign colonies Successful wars and foreign conquest Rise of Capitalism Steam Engine

6. Origins – Why England? Factors in England –No civil strife –Government favored trade –Laissez faire –Large middle class –Island geography –Mobile population –Everyone lived within 20 miles of navigable river –Tradition of experimental science –Weak guilds

7. Manufacturing Textiles ( The first businesses to industrialize ) –4-5 spinners per weaver Flying Shuttle

8. Manufacturing Textiles Cotton gave stronger fibers Invention of Spinning Jenny –Demand for skilled weavers Mechanical looms (flying shuttle) Jacquard looms

9. Richard Arkwright – 1771 Invents the spinning water frame Constructs the first spinning factory –Realized that several machines could be linked to create a factory –Needed water power to turn the machines (water wheel expert) –Needed gears (watchmaker) The creation of the first spinning factory was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution

10. Manufacturing Textiles Jacquard looms

11. Manufacturing Negatives Poor working conditions Children supplied labor Luddites –Luddite: someone opposed to new machine- labor –Handicraftsmen replaced by machine –Organized to stop industrialization

12. Energy and Transportation Animal power and plant burning Water emerged as energy source Iron industry energy crisis –Lack of wood –Coal discovered –Steam pumps for mines Steam engines Railroads

13. England vs. Continental Europe

14. Produced 20% of industrial goods Gross national product rose 4x Population increase Inventors took inventions abroad Belgium’s coal and iron resources Germany iron and wool factories France slow to industrialize Mechanization came but late

15. Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology Is technology good? Is complexity good? How do we control technology without stifling progress? Why are some opposed to Industrialization? How has industrialization changed work-life? -for men? -for women? -for children?

16. Technology: short, medium and long-term consequences Short-term: Benefits are helpful and desirable (this is why we use it). If proven to be a dud, it is discarded quickly. Medium-term: Negative consequences are noted and strong resistance often arises. Sometimes the short term causes disruptions (loss of jobs, etc.) and attempts are made in the medium term to stop technology (Luddites, etc.); but these are rarely successful (except current efforts by environmental groups who have the backing of politicians, courts, and many people). This resistance is outside market forces. Long-term: May require changes/evolution in the technology but we rarely abandon the technology all together because the benefits are great and the negatives are worked around. – Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena,

17. Effects of Industrialization Urbanization: Cities grow rapidly Cheaper products: Mass production = low prices Products made faster: Efficiency in machine-tech Communication/Transportation become faster More people participate in politics Child Labor: Outlawed in 1938 (FDR: New Deal) Hard working conditions (12-16hrs, 6 days) Little sanitation/Pollution/disease Growth of industry Captains (Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan)

18. Effects of Industrialization: Economic Theories Socialism (response to capitalism) - Society/Government should own property and control industry - Robert Owen invents the theory in response to capitalism’s effect on workers and children Communism (response to capitalism) - Government should own industry (“means of production”) and control economic planning -Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, they believed Communism was inevitable because workers would rebel against their treatment and take over gov’t.

19. Effects of Industrialization: Non- economic responses… Utopianism: Machines create perfect society Luddism: Rejecting the use of machines Imperialism: Conquering foreign lands (for resources) Militarism: Focus on military might Nationalism: Love of one’s nation

20. Factory Life Hired mostly children/women (cheaper) Children as young as 7 worked Wanted children because they’re small enough to get into and repair machines 12-16 hour workdays/6 days a week High rate of injury/death Factory owners became very wealthy

21. Before Ind. Rev.After Ind. Rev. Ppl lived on farms (rural community life) Hand-crafted goods Power supplied by humans/animals No pollution Business is largely controlled by the society/community Ppl moved to cities (urban community life) Machine produced goods Steam and water power machines Later fossil fuels, electricity will power machines Cities dirty/polluted (no sewers, no trash-service)