1. Pupil-centered approaches

2. Methods Independent learning Inquiry Discovery Problem solving Creativity Characteristics High pupil involvement Emphasis on pupil’s need and interest

3. Independent Learning

4. Characteristics Approach: No teacher No educational technology Students teach themselves or each others Aims: Find their own resources Discover and correct learning deficiencies Monitor their own learning Self learning and development

5. Strengths Reduces the pace and pressure of teaching Teacher can deal with difficult material Teacher can focus on the others activities Increases student motivation Challenging and satisfaction Student can learn at their preferences Develops student’s independent learning skills and attitudes Importance for educational development and progression

6. Weaknesses Difficult to design tasks Well resourced Balanced workload Students may get stuck or misinterpret the task Teacher may spend much more time on monitoring Student does nothing Student works overloaded

7. How to Use? As a Component of Any Course Independent learning Assignment Task Design Monitoring Assessment Tuning

8. Inquiry

9. How to use? The identification of a problem through recognition of a contradiction. Student development of a research objective Interaction among all participants in the collection of data or information Shifting or altering of ideas as data are interpreted and hypotheses are tested The drawing of conclusions or generalizations based on reevaluation of hypotheses

10. Characteristics New information is found through inquiry in real world. Self-directed seeking of new knowledge. Use their innate inquiring behaviors in a wide variety of contexts. Assume the learner is actively seeking new information. Brainstorming Emphasis on process. (Thinking behaviors)

11. Strengths Helping learners cope with the often vague realities of true-life problems (Kellough & Roberts, 1994) Including the points of view of others. Increase confidence to plan a method to solve own problems. Creative thinking

12. Weaknesses Elementary classroom limit for seeking information. Not easy to follow the curriculum mandates. Lesson procedures must be prepared carefully.

13. Discovery Learners work out the new learning by themselves Example: Compare laser and dot-matrix printer

14. Features Learners have to 1. Form in groups 2. Know background knowledge and techniques 3. Understand the expectations 4. Able to achieve the task Teacher have to 1. Provide enough guidance

15. Advantages Develop students 1. Active, involving, motivating and fun 2. More likely to remember what they learnt before 3. High order thinking skills

16. Disadvantages Slow No practical for some topics More difficult for an inexperienced teacher

17. Problem solving

18. Problem solving -- characteristics Pupils engaged in collecting data, formulating hypotheses to solve problems and issues The most characteristic feature of problem solving is that it discovers its own weakness and rectifies what is at fault in its procedures. Thus, it is self-correcting.

19. Problem solving -- strengths Develops pupil initiative and organizing skills Develops pupil problem solving skill Gain more knowledge in a subject area

20. Problem solving -- weaknesses Wasting time because of distractions or non-focused behavior Abstraction of strategies is less likely with low-achieving and younger students May be require provision of wide range of resources

21. Problem solving – how to use? 1. Identifying the problem 2. Analyzing the problem 3. Evaluating alternative solutions 4. Selecting and implementing solution 5. Obtaining feedback and evaluating the solution

22. Creativity

23. Characteristics A cognitive tool and it need exercising. Students should have basic tools and skills. Students improve knowledge by cumulating ideas. Teacher helps learners manage whichever are their weaker phases.

24. Strengths To develop student’s ability to think creatively To increase motivation To provide an opportunity to explore feelings and develop skills in self- expression

25. Weaknesses Time consuming – great ideas almost never come in a flash. Difficult to control Variety of students achieves.

26. How to use Six phases I nspiration C larification E valuation D istillation I ncubation P erspiration

27. Process Inspiration research phase Uncritical search for ideas Brainstorming Clarification Clarify the purpose or objective of the work

28. Process Distillation Self-critical editing phase Required cool analysis and judgment Choose the best ideas for further development Incubation Occasionally be a few days of inactivity between the phases

29. Process Perspiration Produce a first draft Evaluation Examine the draft for strengths and weaknesses Consider how it can be improved * Each phase may be experienced many times in a given piece of work.

30. Conclusion Independent learning Self learning and development Inquiry Teach problem-solving skills. Focusing on the process. Discovery Teacher have to provide enough guidance

31. Conclusion Problem solving Develops organizing skills Develops problem solving skill Discovers its own weakness, it is self-correcting Creativity Improve idea by cumulating experiences Emphasis on thinking method

32. Comparison Independent Learning Inquiry Discovery Problem Solving Creativity High Teacher- student interactions Self-learning oriented & less teacher guidance