1. Integration of Metabolism

2. Insulin regulation Glucagon regulation Metabolic Regulation in the Fed State Insulin stimulation: Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin) Insulin repression: Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress, i.e., fever or infection)

3. Biological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Lipid mobilization Protein degradation Altered gene expression Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Protein synthesis Fat synthesis Gluconeogenesis Glycogen mobilization Ketogenesis Protein degradation Uptake of amino acids INSULIN GLUCAGON

4. GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membrane Effect of Insulin on Glucose Transport

7. Only ca. 30% of body protein is available for energy production Energy Reserves During Fasting

8. Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy Source During Fasting Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies Favored during fatty acid catabolism due to high NADH/NAD + ratio slow