1. Chemistry of Cells

2. Has nothing to do with being naturally occurring!!

3. Carbon skeletons vary in length. Branching. Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Butane Isobutane Propane Ethane Double bonds. 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Length. 1-Butene Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Rings. These are hydrocarbons

5. Study molecules important to life 4 Main Groups

6. What elements do they contain??????

8. 1) Monosaccharides (Simple sugars) Examples : -glucose - fructose BLOOD SUGAR FOUND IN FRUITS Function  energy (readily available) - Ribose found in RNA

9. Structure : Glucose Elements? Shape?

11. Dehydration reaction -build larger molecules (polymers) by adding additional subunits (monomers)

12. Hydrolysis reaction -breaks the polymer down by adding water

13. Disaccharides Examples: –Sucrose –Lactose –Maltose Functions - Energy Structure: formed from the joining of two monosaccharides Maltose

15. General Structure: Many monosaccharides linked together Examples: Cellulose Monomer = glucose Function: structural component of cell walls Polysaccharides

16. Starch –Made of glucose monomers –Found in plants –Energy storage for plants

17. Glycogen Glucose monomers How animals store glucose –In liver and muscles

18. Fig. 3-7 Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissue Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules Glucose monomer GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Hydrogen bonds STARCH

19. Chitin Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods Function????

20. Proteins structure Are polymers Made from chains of amino acids Linked by peptide bonds –Those bonds form through dehydration reaction

21. Fig. 3-12a Carboxyl group Ami N o group Structure of an amino acid

22. Fig. 3-12c-1 Carboxyl group Amino acid Amino group Amino acid

23. Fig. 3-12c-2 Carboxyl group Amino acid Amino group Amino acid Peptide bond Dipeptide Dehydration reaction Build the polypeptide (protein) by dehydration reactions connecting the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid.

24. Fig. 3-12b Leucine (Leu) Hydrophobic Serine (Ser) Hydrophilic Aspartic acid (Asp) Different amino acids have different properties. Help to determine the overall shape of the protein

25. Functions Structural proteins  collagen, keratin, cell skeleton Storage  ovalbumin Transport  cell membrane transport protein, hemoglobin Regulation  hormones (insulin) communication  receptor proteins on nerve cell membranes Movement  in muscles Defense  antibodies enzymes  molecules that accelerate chemical reactions

29. Hemoglobin

30. collagen Insulin

31. actin myosin

32. Nucleic Acids Are polymers made of linked nucleotides Examples are DNA and RNA

34. Fig. 3-8a

35. Lipids Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Include fats, phospholipids, and steroids General structure of a fat

36. 3 fatty acid chains

37. Fig. 3-8b Fatty acid Glycerol Built by dehydration reactions

39. Fatty acids (and the fats that contain them) can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated with hydrogens

40. Amount of Hydrogens Shape of tails Presence of double bonds Solid or liquid (room temp) Source/ examples Saturated Unsaturated

41. Functions of fats Energy Cushion insulation

42. Phospholipids Structure: Similar to fats, but a fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group Function Are a major component of plasma membranes

43. testosterone estrogen cholesterol progesterone 4 fused rings

45. Study molecules important to life 4 Main Groups