2. Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life

3. Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids – proteins – nucleic acids

4. Monomer + Monomer = Polymer Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids are made of chain- like repeating units Chains of single units (monomers) make polymers

5. Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain – monomers building blocks repeated small units – covalent bonds Why is Carbon so good at this??

6. H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer Dehydration Synthesis: joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out one monomer donates OH – other monomer donates H + together these form H 2 O – requires energy & enzymes enzyme Dehydration synthesis

7. H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer Hydrolysis: use H 2 O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH – – H + & OH – attach to ends – requires enzymes – releases energy Hydrolysis enzyme

9. 1. Carbohydrates (C,H) Are sugars and polymers of sugars – Monosaccharides: one sugar – Disaccharides: two sugars – Poly saccharides: more than two sugars Store short term energy

10. Monosaccharides Simple sugars that provide short term energy Ex: glucose

11. Disaccharides Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Formed via dehydration synthesis Ex: sucose

12. Disaccharide

13. Polysaccharides Complex starches that store short term energy Glycogen: hydrolyzed in the liver when sugar supplies are low

14. Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose: cell walls Chitin: exoskeletons

15. 2. Lipids (C, H, O, sometimes P) The smallest of the macromolecules Not a true polymer (different monomers) – Glycerol head – Fatty acid tail Storage of long-term energy

16. Fats

17. Steroids

18. Phospholipids Cell membranes phosphorus

19. 3. Proteins (C, H, O, N, sometimes S) 3 Dimensional polymers – Monomers: amino acids – Polymer of amino acids is called a polypeptide – Held together by covalent peptide bond – Protein is one or more polypeptides

20. Many Functions Speed up reactions Structure Storage Transport Communication Movement Defense

21. Amino Acids 20 amino acids build thousands of proteins Each one has an amino group, carboxyl group, H, and R-group

22. 4 Levels of Protein Structure Primary: amino acid chain held by peptide bonds Secondary: hydrogen bonds between H & carboxyl α-helix or β-pleated sheet

23. 4 Levels of Protein Structure, cont. Tertiary: R- groups interact further folding the protein Quaternary: aggregation of polypeptides

25. Just how important is primary structure?

26. 4. Nucleic Acid (C, H, O, N, P) Storage of heritable information – DNA and RNA Monomers: nucleotides – Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) – Phosphate group – Nitrogen base (A, G, C, T, U)

27. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material inherited from parents to offspring Self-replicating Does not code directly for protein (needs RNA assistance)

28. RNA: ribonucleic acid Used by the cell to decode DNA’s instructions for protein DNA  RNA  Protein Central Dogma of Genetics