1. on Coastal Areas http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/schoolGraphics/sf07_samplechapter_topic2.pdf

2. Do humans affect coastal ecology? http://biodiv.sinica.edu.tw/~chankk/phot o-gallery.htm

3. Local Harbors and Bays are impacted! Green Harbor Cohasset Harbor Boston Harbor Buzzard’s Bay Waquoit Bay

4. Name some ways in which humans affect coastal areas.

5. Developments Along the Coast http://wrc.iewatershed.com/index.php?pagename=education_about_09

6. How Trash Effects Wildlife http://www.farallones.org/e_newsletter/2006-08/marinedebris.htm

7. What is Marine Debris? Marine debris is the solid human made rubbish that is discarded at sea or ends up in the sea after being disposed of on land. http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/environment/waste/publications/pdf/Factsheets_Marine_Debris.pdf http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdf/Marine%20Deb ris%20in%20GOM.pdf Click Below for a Slideshow:

8. There are many ways that rubbish can enter the sea, including: dumping of garbage at sea by ships, fishing boats and pleasure craft. deliberate discarding and accidental loss of fishing nets at sea. http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdf/Marine%20Deb ris%20in%20GOM.pdf Click Below for a Slideshow:

9. Also:  Litter left on beaches by picnickers.  Escape of litter from coastal rubbish dumps.  Drains and sewage systems that empty into the sea. http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdf/Marine%20Deb ris%20in%20GOM.pdf Click Below for a Slideshow:

10. http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/ Pathogens are found in raw sewage, its a disease- causing viruses and bacteria. It can cause serious health threats to people and animals, that’s why its unsafe to go swimming, boating, and shell fishing. Sewage- The waste matter that passes through sewers.

11.  Effluent- Flowing out or forth; refers to liquid waste which comes from sewage treatment plants.

12. Boston Harbor Data 1990-2005 Bacteria Nutrients & AlgaePhysical Measurements Water Clarity -Fecal coliform -E. coli -Enterococcus -Chlorophyll -Phaeophytin -Dissolved inorganic nutrients -Temperature -Salinity -pH -Dissolved oxygen -Total suspended solids -Secchi disk depth http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/harbor/html/bh_wq.htm

13.  Eutrophication - Caused by the increase in an ecosystem of chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus.

14. http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/ Activities  http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/  Algae Bloom- A relatively rapid increase in the population of (usually) phytoplankton algae in an aquatic system.

15. Red Tide - caused by a population explosion of dinoflagellates. http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ops/fm/shellfish/Biotoxins/PSP_e.htm

16. Some dinoflagellates give off a poison as a waste product. http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ops/fm/shellfish/Biotoxins/PSP_e.htm

17. Shellfish beds closed http://www.buzzardsbay.org/shellfish.htm

18. http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/overfishing.html

19.  Bycatch- Unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species. Shrimping Bycatch http://marinebio.org/i/bycatch.jpg

20. Ghost fishing is the term used for lost or abandoned fishing gear that continues to catch fish or anything else that goes into the net. It is environmentally deleterious and the fish caught is wasted. http://www.oceansatlas.org/world_fisheries_and_aquaculture/html/issues/ecosys/gearloss/ghost_fishing.htm

21. Entanglement and Ingestion Ingestion Marine species confuse plastic bags, rubber, balloons and confectionery wrappers with prey and ingest them. The debris usually causes a physical blockage in the digestive system, leading to painful internal injuries. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ktp/marine-debris.html

22. Entanglement Entanglement in marine debris can cause restricted mobility, starvation, infection, amputation, drowning and smothering. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threa tened/ktp/marine-debris.html

23. Entanglement and Ingestion X-ray of turtles being treated at a clinic in Florida yielded contents in just one turtle that were found to be balloons and a fast- food latex glove. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threa tened/ktp/marine-debris.html

24. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/invasives/ http://www.diversitas-international.org/cross_invasive.html  Invasive Species- A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally.

25. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Phragmites_australis.html#Description

26. Hemigrapsus sanguineus – Asian Shore Crab http://cars.er.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Asian_shore_crab/asian_shore_crab.html

27. Sustainability refers to the potential longevity of vital human ecological support systems. http://www.wairc.govt.nz/enviroinfo/indicators/community/sustainability/images/sustainability.gif

28. Sustainable means that something can continue indefinitely without running out of materials or energy. http://www.wairc.govt.nz/enviroinfo/indicators/community/sustainability/images/sustainability.gif

29. Why do we care about having sustainable ecosystems? http://www.wairc.govt.nz/enviroinfo/indicators/community/sustainability/images/sustainability.gif

30. http://www.mos.org/oceans/scientist/submersibles.html

31. People use submersibles to study underwater environments

32. YOU can make a difference! Protect Massachusetts waterways. Get involved. Every little bit helps!!