1. Towards a Knowledge Society Why & How? XML

2. What information can we see… WWW2002 The eleventh international world wide web conference Sheraton waikiki hotel Honolulu, hawaii, USA 7-11 may 2002 1 location 5 days learn interact Registered participants coming from australia, canada, chile denmark, france, germany, ghana, hong kong, india, ireland, italy, japan, malta, new zealand, the netherlands, norway, singapore, switzerland, the united kingdom, the united states, vietnam, zaire Register now On the 7 th May Honolulu will provide the backdrop of the eleventh international world wide web conference. This prestigious event … Speakers confirmed Tim berners-lee Tim is the well known inventor of the Web, … Ian Foster Ian is the pioneer of the Grid, the next generation internet …

3. What information can a machine see…                          

4. Solution: markup with “meaningful” tags?                       …

5. Structured Web Documents in XML XML, a language that lets one write structured Web documents with a user-defined vocabulary

6. Web page which contains information about a particular book in html Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Context- Dependent Reasoning by V. Marek and M. Truszczynski Springer 1993 ISBN 0387976892

7. A typical representation in xml Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Context-Dependent Reasoning V. Marek M. Truszczynski Springer 1993 0387976892

8. Imagine an intelligent agent trying to retrieve the authors of the particular book From html From xml

9. XML allows to represent information that is also machine-accessible. XML separates content from use and presentation.

10. Another Example Relationship matter-energy E = M × c 2 Relationship matter-energy E M × c 2

11. XML is a meta-language: it does not have a fixed set of tags, but allows users to define tags of their own. applications on the WWW must agree on common vocabularies if they need to communicate and collaborate Communities and business sectors are in the process of defining their specialized vocabularies, creating XML applications

12. mathematics (MathML) bioinformatics (BSML) human resources (HRML) astronomy (AML) news (NewsML) investment (IRML) SBML (System Biology) Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language (BSML) MicroArray and Gene Expression Markup Language (MAGE-ML)

13.  Chemical Markup Language  Molecular Dynamics [Markup] Language (MoDL)  StarDOM - Transforming Scientific Data into XML  Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language (BSML)  BIOpolymer Markup Language (BIOML)  CellML  Gene Expression Markup Language (GEML)  GeneX Gene Expression Markup Language (GeneXML)  Genome Annotation Markup Elements (GAME)  Microarray Markup Language (MAML)  XML for Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAML)  Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML)  OMG Gene Expression RFP  Protein Extensible Markup Language (PROXIML)

14. The XML Language An XML document consists of a prolog a number of elements and attributes

15. Prolog of an XML Document The prolog consists of an XML declaration and an optional reference to external structuring documents

16. XML Elements The “things” the XML document talks about E.g. books, authors, publishers An element consists of: an opening tag the content a closing tag David Billington

17. XML Elements (continue) Tag names can be chosen almost freely. The first character must be a letter, an underscore, or a colon No name may begin with the string “xml” in any combination of cases E.g. “Xml”, “xML”

18. Content of XML Elements Content may be text, or other elements, or nothing David Billington +61 − 7 − 3875 507 If there is no content, then the element is called empty; it is abbreviated as follows: for

19. XML Attributes An empty element is not necessarily meaningless It may have some properties in terms of attributes An attribute is a name-value pair inside the opening tag of an element <lecturer name="David Billington" phone="+61 − 7 − 3875 507“ />

20. XML Attributes: An Example <order orderNo="23456" customer="John Smith" date="October 15, 2002“>

21. The Same Example without Attributes 23456 John Smith October 15, 2002 a528 1 c817 3

22. XML Elements vs Attributes Attributes can be replaced by elements When to use elements and when attributes is a matter of taste and need But attributes cannot be nested

23. Further Components of XML Docs Comments A piece of text that is to be ignored by parser Processing Instructions (PIs) Define procedural attachments

24. Well-Formed XML Documents Syntactically correct documents Some syntactic rules: Only one outermost element (called root element) Each element contains an opening and a corresponding closing tag Tags may not overlap Lee Hong Attributes within an element have unique names Element and tag names must be permissible

25. The Tree Model of XML Documents: An Example <from name="Michael Maher" address="michaelmaher@cs.gu.edu.au"/> <to name="Grigoris Antoniou" address="grigoris@cs.unibremen.de"/> Where is your draft? Grigoris, where is the draft of the paper you promised me last week?

26. The Tree Model of XML Documents: An Example

27. The Tree Model of XML Docs The tree representation of an XML document is an ordered labeled tree: There is exactly one root There are no cycles Each non-root node has exactly one parent Each node has a label. The order of elements is important … but the order of attributes is not important

28. XML is not enough to ensure valid data structure! Any XML document which conforms to the XML syntax (such as every tag must have a corresponding closing tag is considered) to be well-formed However, this does not mean that all the structure of the data is what you wanted. For instance you may want to enforce: That a particular data field is present for each child Data fields in each child appear in the same order That a data field may not be present more than once in a child node How machines know about structure they process?

29. Issues Validation and Interoperability How application can verify whether the data you receive from the outside world? Is xml document follows the specified structure? Is xml document follows the restrictions on the elements and attributes? How all the xml document follows that particular structure?

30. Structuring XML Documents An XML document is valid if it is well-formed respects the structuring information it uses There are two ways of defining the structure of XML documents: DTDs (the older and more restricted way) XML Schema (offers extended possibilities)

31. 2 nd Lecture

32. DTD: Document Type Definition DTD specifies grammar rules for an XML document enforcing the structure This allows several XML documents prepared from various sources can be validated using a single set of grammar rules An XML document that adheres to a DTD is called valid. DTD specifies rules for elements (child nodes) and how it can be expanded into sub elements (child nodes) DTD consists - Element declarations, Attribute list, Data types etc. DTDs : difficult to create! CCTM: Course material developed by James King (james.king@londonmet.ac.uk)

33. DTD: Element Type Definition David Billington +61 − 7 − 3875 507 DTD for above element (and all lecturer elements):

34. The Meaning of the DTD The element types lecturer, name, and phone may be used in the document A lecturer element contains a name element and a phone element, in that order (sequence) A name element and a phone element may have any content In DTDs, #PCDATA is the only atomic type for elements

35. DTD: Disjunction in Element Type Definitions We express that a lecturer element contains either a name element or a phone element as follows: A lecturer element contains a name element and a phone element in any order.

36. Example of an XML Element <order orderNo="23456" customer="John Smith" date="October 15, 2002">

37. The Corresponding DTD <!ATTLIST orderorderNoID #REQUIRED customerCDATA#REQUIRED dateCDATA#REQUIRED> <!ATTLIST itemitemNoID #REQUIRED quantityCDATA#REQUIRED commentsCDATA#IMPLIED>

38. Comments on the DTD The item element type is defined to be empty + (after item) is a cardinality operator: ?: appears zero times or once *: appears zero or more times +: appears one or more times No cardinality operator means exactly once

39. Comments on the DTD (cont.) In addition to defining elements, we define attributes This is done in an attribute list containing: Name of the element type to which the list applies A list of triplets of attribute name, attribute type, and value type Attribute name: A name that may be used in an XML document using a DTD

40. DTD: Attribute Types Similar to predefined data types, but limited selection The most important types are CDATA, a string (sequence of characters) ID, a name that is unique across the entire XML document IDREF, a reference to another element with an ID attribute carrying the same value as the IDREF attribute IDREFS, a series of IDREFs (v1|... |vn), an enumeration of all possible values Limitations: no dates, number ranges etc.

41. DTD: Attribute Value Types #REQUIRED Attribute must appear in every occurrence of the element type in the XML document #IMPLIED The appearance of the attribute is optional #FIXED "value" Every element must have this attribute "value" This specifies the default value for the attribute

42. Referencing with IDREF and IDREFS <!ATTLIST personid ID #REQUIRED mother IDREF #IMPLIED father IDREF #IMPLIED childrenIDREFS #IMPLIED>

43. An XML Document Respecting the DTD Bob Marley Bridget Jones Mary Poppins Peter Marley

44. A DTD for an Email Element <!ATTLIST fromname CDATA #IMPLIED addressCDATA #REQUIRED> <!ATTLIST toname CDATA #IMPLIED addressCDATA #REQUIRED>

45. A DTD for an Email Element (cont..) <!ATTLIST ccname CDATA #IMPLIED addressCDATA #REQUIRED> <!ATTLIST attachment encoding (mime|binhex) "mime" file CDATA #REQUIRED>

46. Interesting Parts of the DTD A head element contains (in that order): a from element at least one to element zero or more cc elements a subject element In from, to, and cc elements the name attribute is not required the address attribute is always required

47. Interesting Parts of the DTD (cont..) A body element contains a text element possibly followed by a number of attachment elements The encoding attribute of an attachment element must have either the value “mime” or “binhex” “mime” is the default value

48. Remarks on DTDs Recursive definitions possible in DTDs <!ELEMENT bintree ((bintree root bintree)|emptytree)>

49. DTD Problems Attribute Value It is possible to specify all the values an attribute can have or allow it to have any value. It is not possible to perform type checking on an attribute’s value so you cannot specify an attributes value is a integer or float… Does not follow xml syntax

50. Next Lecture XML Schema