1. SENTENTIAL ERRORS IN WRITING a)Comma Splice b)Run-on Sentence c) Sentence Fragments d) Non- parallel Sentence

2. WRITING ASSIGNMENT WRITING ASSIGNMENT ZEYNA NUR ÇAKIR /EVENING/

3. a) Comma Splice Definition: Definition: A comma splice occurs when two independent A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses—clauses that could stand alone as sentences—are joined (“spliced”) with just a comma and without benefit of a coordinating conjunction. Thus we have two sentences “pretending” to be one. Thus we have two sentences “pretending” to be one. A fused sentence is closely related to a comma splice. A fused sentence is closely related to a comma splice. It occurs when two sentences are fused without the benefit of any punctuation. It occurs when two sentences are fused without the benefit of any punctuation.

4. A comma splice incorrectly joins two main clauses with a comma, like this: A comma splice incorrectly joins two main clauses with a comma, like this: main clause +, + main clause main clause +, + main clause A fused sentence has two main clauses joined with no punctuation at all, like this: A fused sentence has two main clauses joined with no punctuation at all, like this: main clause + Ø + main clause main clause + Ø + main clause

5. Know the solution Know the solution To fix a comma splice or fused sentence, use one To fix a comma splice or fused sentence, use one of the four strategies below. Strategy 1 — Make two complete sentences Strategy 1 — Make two complete sentences Because comma splices and fused sentences contain two main clauses, you can always add a period [a full stop] at the end of the first clause and then [a full stop] at the end of the first clause and then begin the second one with a capital letter. Take a look at the fused sentence below:

6. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. A break should occur between motorcycle and her. To fix the problem with Strategy 1, you would revise the sentence like this: Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle. Her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle. Her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars.

7. Strategy 2 — Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction Strategy 2 — Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction There are seven coordinating conjunctions. Some students remember the seven by learning the word fanboys. Each of the seven letters of fanboys stands for one of the coordinating conjunctions. There are seven coordinating conjunctions. Some students remember the seven by learning the word fanboys. Each of the seven letters of fanboys stands for one of the coordinating conjunctions.coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions F = for; A = and; N = nor; B = but; O = or; Y = yet; S= so F = for; A = and; N = nor; B = but; O = or; Y = yet; S= so

8.  Teamed up with a comma, these seven coordinating conjunctions can correctly join two coordinating conjunctions can correctly join two main clauses. Take a look at our original example: Take a look at our original example: Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. To fix the problem with Strategy 2, you should do this: Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle, and her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle, and her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars.

9. The important thing to remember with The important thing to remember with Strategy 2 is that you must use a coordinating conjunction that logically joins the two complete sentences. The coordinating conjunction but, The coordinating conjunction but, for example, wouldn't work in the example above because the writer isn't showing contrast. for example, wouldn't work in the example above because the writer isn't showing contrast.

10. Strategy 3 — Use a semicolon Strategy 3 — Use a semicolon Unlike a comma, a semicolon is a strong Unlike a comma, a semicolon is a strongsemicolon enough mark of punctuation to join two main clauses. Use a semicolon like this:  Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle; her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars.

11. Keep these three things in mind when you use a semicolon: Keep these three things in mind when you use a semicolon: The two main clauses that the semicolon joins should be closely related in meaning. The two main clauses that the semicolon joins should be closely related in meaning. Don't capitalize the word that follows the semicolon unless that word is a proper noun, one that isalways capitalized. Don't capitalize the word that follows the semicolon unless that word is a proper noun, one that isalways capitalized.proper nounproper noun Limit your use of semicolons; you should not wantonly scatter them throughout your writing. Semicolons are like glasses of champagne; save them for special occasions. Limit your use of semicolons; you should not wantonly scatter them throughout your writing. Semicolons are like glasses of champagne; save them for special occasions.

12. Strategy 4 — Use a subordinate conjunction When you are fixing a comma splice or fused When you are fixing a comma splice or fused sentence,subordinate conjunctions can be the most subordinate conjunctionssubordinate conjunctions tricky to use. There are two reasons that subordinate conjunctions are tricky: 1) there are many subordinate conjunctions to choose from, and 1) there are many subordinate conjunctions to choose from, and 2) you must use the right punctuation. For those who are not faint of heart, here are the things to keep in mind.

13. First, know your subordinate conjunctions.Here is a list: after /although /as /because /before/even if/even though/if in order that /once/provided that/rather than/ so that/than/that/though/unless until/when/ after /although /as /because /before/even if/even though/if in order that /once/provided that/rather than/ so that/than/that/though/unless until/when/ whenever/where/whereas/wherever/whether/ whenever/where/whereas/wherever/whether/ while/why/since while/why/since

14. Next, keep these general rules in mind: Next, keep these general rules in mind: main clause + Ø + subordinate clause. main clause + Ø + subordinate clause. subordinate clause +, + main clause. subordinate clause +, + main clause. Now take a look at the original problem sentence: Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars.

15. EXAMPLES 1) I like all sports, basketball is probably my favorite. Correct : I like all sports, however, basketball is probably I like all sports, however, basketball is probably my favorite. my favorite. 2)You are happy and content, things could’nt be going better with Mr. Wonderful to your left. Correct: You are happy and content ; things couldn’t be You are happy and content ; things couldn’t be going better with Mr. Wonderful to your left. going better with Mr. Wonderful to your left.

16. 3) Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Correct: Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle, and her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle, and her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. 4) Joey went to the grocery story. He needed to buy eggs for supper. Correct: Joey went to the grocery store, for he needed to buy eggs for supper. Joey went to the grocery store, for he needed to buy eggs for supper.

17. 5) The cat jumped from step to step, it gracefully landed with each jump. Correct: The cat jumped from step to step; it gracefully landed with each jump. The cat jumped from step to step; it gracefully landed with each jump. OR The cat jumped from step to step, and it gracefully landed with each jump. OR The cat jumped from step to step, and it gracefully landed with each jump.

18. 6) The sun is high, put on some sunblock. Correct: The sun is high, so put on some sunscreen The sun is high, so put on some sunscreen 7) My father is chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, he also heads the Warrant Commission. Correct: My father is chairman of the committee on Foreign Relations; he also heads the Warrant Commission. My father is chairman of the committee on Foreign Relations; he also heads the Warrant Commission.

19. 8) All over the country, people sell products over the Internet, these people are making impressive profits. Correct: All over the country, people sell products over the Internet. These people are making impressive profits. All over the country, people sell products over the Internet. These people are making impressive profits. 9) Kimberly sat on the bleachers and cheered for the team, Tom watched her as he vigorously defended the goal. Correct: Kimberly sat on the bleachers and cheered for the team. Tom watched her as he vigorously defended the goal. Kimberly sat on the bleachers and cheered for the team. Tom watched her as he vigorously defended the goal.

20. 10) The professor stated that he especially favors personally connected papers, these papers reflect the most emotion. Correct: The professor stated that he especially favors personally connected papers; these reflect the most emotion. The professor stated that he especially favors personally connected papers; these reflect the most emotion. OR The professor stated that he especially favors personally connected papers. These reflect the most emotion. OR The professor stated that he especially favors personally connected papers. These reflect the most emotion.

21. b) Run-on Sentence Definition: Definition: A run on sentence is a sentence that has 2 or more clauses which are improperly joined. Independent and dependent clauses can be joined together to create compound sentences whem writing. To correct these sentences, you have several options: To correct these sentences, you have several options: 1) Separate clauses using punctuation. 2) Separate clauses using a conjunction. 3) Rearrange the sentence (you may add or remove words).

22. Examples 1)Judy leads a charmed life she never seems to have a serious accident. Correct: Judy leads a charmed life; she never seems to have a serious accident. Judy leads a charmed life; she never seems to have a serious accident. 2) The airport is about to shut down because of the snow and if the plane doesn't land soon it will have to go on to Boston. Correct: Correct: The airport is about to shut down because of the snow, and if the plane doesn't land soon it will have to go on to Boston. The airport is about to shut down because of the snow, and if the plane doesn't land soon it will have to go on to Boston.

23. 3) People already believed the precious metals to be divine so their use in money intensified its allure. Correct: People already believed the precious metals People already believed the precious metals to be divine, so their use in money intensified its allure.

24. 4) He put on some sunscreen, the sun was so extremely hot, and he wanted to go inside. Correct: He put on some sunscreen because the sun was extremely hot. He wanted to go inside. He put on some sunscreen because the sun was extremely hot. He wanted to go inside. 5) My mother and father and sister are coming to dinner tonight. Correct: My mother, father, and sister are coming to dinner tonight. My mother, father, and sister are coming to dinner tonight.

25. 6) Blue is my favorite color it is the color of the sky and the sea and it reminds me of my favorite insect which is the butterfly. Correct: Blue is my favorite color. It is the color of the sky and the sea. Also, it reminds me of my favorite insect which is the butterfly. Blue is my favorite color. It is the color of the sky and the sea. Also, it reminds me of my favorite insect which is the butterfly.

26. 7) When I get older I want to have a big family I like big families. Correct: When I get older I want to have a big family; I like big families. When I get older I want to have a big family; I like big families. OR I like big families. When I get older, I want to have a big family. OR I like big families. So, when I get older, I want to have a big family. OR I like big families. So, when I get older, I want to have a big family.

27. 8) We usually leave at 11:00 but today is different we are leaving at 10:30. Correct: We usually leave at 11:00 but today is different; we are leaving at 10:30. We usually leave at 11:00 but today is different; we are leaving at 10:30. 9) I like Tuesdays and Wednesdays and I like Fridays because the weekend starts on Friday. Correct: I like Tuesdays and Wednesdays. I also like Fridays, because the weekend starts on Friday. I like Tuesdays and Wednesdays. I also like Fridays, because the weekend starts on Friday.

28. 10) We should get moving there’s no time to waste Correct: We should get moving; there’s no time to waste. We should get moving; there’s no time to waste. OR We should get moving. There’s no time to waste. OR There’s no time to waste. So, we should get moving.

29. c) Sentence fragments Definition: Definition: A sentence fragment is a piece of information that is punctuated as a sentence but that lacks some of the characteristics of a complete sentence.

30. There are four possible reasons for why a group of words is a fragment: There are four possible reasons for why a group of words is a fragment: 1. Missing Subjects 1. Missing Subjects 2. Missing Verbs 2. Missing Verbs 3. Missing Subject and Verb 3. Missing Subject and Verb 4. Dependent Clause 4. Dependent Clause

31. Examples 1)Although women's college basketball in Connecticut is a marvelously entertaining and popular sport. It not hard to remember. When it was not so popular. Correct: Although women's college basketball in Although women's college basketball in Connecticut is a marvelously entertaining and popular sport, it is not hard to remember when it was not so popular.

32. 2) Indeed, who would have predicted ten years ago? That women's basketball so wildly popular? 2) Indeed, who would have predicted ten years ago? That women's basketball so wildly popular? Correct: Indeed, who would have predicted ten years ago that women's basketball would have become so wildly popular? Indeed, who would have predicted ten years ago that women's basketball would have become so wildly popular? 3) And games were played in practically silent gyms. Because the fans didn't care who won. Correct: And games were played in practically silent gyms because the fans didn't care who won. And games were played in practically silent gyms because the fans didn't care who won.

33. 4) Nowadays, it almost impossible to buy tickets to a women's game, and you can't get seats. Unless you know someone. Correct: Nowadays, it is almost impossible to buy tickets to a women's game, and you can't get seats unless you Nowadays, it is almost impossible to buy tickets to a women's game, and you can't get seats unless you 5) If more than a couple of hundred fans showed up for a game. It was considered a big turnout. Correct: If more than a couple of hundred fans showed up for a game, it was considered a big turnout. If more than a couple of hundred fans showed up for a game, it was considered a big turnout.

34. 6 ) My youngest sister, Ruth Ann, who lives in Tennessee. She says you can't near Pat Summitt after a game. Correct: My youngest sister, Ruth Ann, who lives in Tennessee, says you can't get near Pat Summit after My youngest sister, Ruth Ann, who lives in Tennessee, says you can't get near Pat Summit after a game. a game.

35. 7) Which is hard to believe. Only a few years ago, my friends and I to go to a women's basketball game. And we could get seats for free near center court. Especially on Sunday afternoons. Correct: It is hard to believe that only a few years ago It is hard to believe that only a few years ago my friends and I could decide to go to a women's basketball game and get seats for free near center court, especially on Sunday afternoons.

36. 8) Of course, that before names such as Rebeccca Lobo, Jenn Rizzotti, and Kara Wolters became household words. Correct: Of course, that was before names such as Rebeccca Lobo, Jenn Rizzotti, and Kara Wolters became household words. Of course, that was before names such as Rebeccca Lobo, Jenn Rizzotti, and Kara Wolters became household words. 9) The coach for Tennessee's Lady Vols, Pat Summitt. She has achieved nearly godlike stature in that state. Correct: The coach for Tennessee's Lady Vols, Pat Summitt, has achieved nearly godlike stature in that state. The coach for Tennessee's Lady Vols, Pat Summitt, has achieved nearly godlike stature in that state.

37. 10) A tall, striking figure on- and off-court. Summitt commands respect. Wherever she goes. Correct: A tall, striking figure on- and off-court, Summitt commands respect wherever she goes. A tall, striking figure on- and off-court, Summitt commands respect wherever she goes.

38. c) Non-parallel sentence Definition: Definition: Creating parallel structure in a sentence is Creating parallel structure in a sentence is achieved whem the writer balances similar grammatical elements such as words, phrases, clauses to demonstrate they are of equal importance.

39. Examples Examples 1)My dog has warm fur, a nose that is wet, and a fluffy tail. Parallel sentence: My dog has warm fur, a wet nose, and a fluffy tail. My dog has warm fur, a wet nose, and a fluffy tail. 2) She doesn’t like washing clothes or housework. Parallel sentence: She doesn’t like washing clothes or doing housework. She doesn’t like washing clothes or doing housework. note: But this sentence contains two gerunds: note: But this sentence contains two gerunds: adj noun Adj. noun Adj.

40. 3) The British Museum is a wonderful place to see ancient Egyptian art, you can explore African artifacts, and beautiful find textiles from around the world. Parallel sentence: The British Museum is a wonderful place where you can find ancient Egyptian art, explore African artifacts, and discover beautiful textiles from around the world. The British Museum is a wonderful place where you can find ancient Egyptian art, explore African artifacts, and discover beautiful textiles from around the world. 4) She had no time to be human or for being happy. Parallel sentence: She had no time to be human to be happy. She had no time to be human to be happy.

41. 5) Reward rests not in the task but in how you do it. Parallel sentence: Reward rests not in the task but in the play. Reward rests not in the task but in the play. 6) Whether at home or while he was working, he was always busy. Parallel sentence: Whether at home or at work, he was always busy. Whether at home or at work, he was always busy. 7) I remember Carla’s sister Morgan who had so many dreams and was always trying to see the good in everyone. Parallel sentence: I remember Carla’s sister Morgan who had so many dreams and who saw the best in everyone. I remember Carla’s sister Morgan who had so many dreams and who saw the best in everyone.

42. 8) I was happy in the thought that our influence was helpful, I was doing work I loved, and making a living out of it was possible. Parallel sentences : I was happy in the thought that our influence was helpful, that I was doing work I loved, that I could make a living out of it. I was happy in the thought that our influence was helpful, that I was doing work I loved, that I could make a living out of it. 9) Her children like to swim, hike, and riding dirt bikes. Parallel sentences: Her children like to swim, hike and ride dirt bikes. Her children like to swim, hike and ride dirt bikes.

43. 10) The manager wrote his report quickly, accurately, and in detail. Parallel sentence: The manager wrote his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. The manager wrote his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.