1. Scientific Misbehavior Jiunn-Ren Roan Fall 2006

2. What is scientific misbehavior?

3. The scientific paper is a fraud in the sense that it does give a totally misleading narrative of the processes of thought that go into the making of scientific discoveries. － Sir Peter Medawar (1915-1987) Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1960 From http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/

4. Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion. — http://www.ostp.gov/html/001207_3.htmlhttp://www.ostp.gov/html/001207_3.html FFP Definition for misconduct given by US Office of Science and Technology Policy

5. Scientists behaving badly—Nature 435, 737 (2005)

6. From Nature 435, 737 (2005)

7. Some Recent Cases

8. Yung Park (University of Cambridge and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) published about 80 papers in 19 journals between 1995 and 2002. 8 papers between 1997 and 2001 are plagiarized! 2 pairs of papers with significant overlap in separate journals! From Nature 427, 3 (2004)

9. Anders Pape Møller (Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris): Author of more than 450 articles and several books Many of his findings are incorporated into standard textbooks “It’s hardly possible to write a paper in behavioral ecology without making extensive citations of Anders’s work” —Ian Jones (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada) In 2001 Møller retracted a paper he published in Oikos in 1998 after Rabøl wrote to Oikos’s editor-in-chief. Unsatisfied with what M ø ller said (“the measurements and analyses behind the data...were flawed and misinterpreted”), Rab ø l filed a formal complaint against M ø ller to Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (DCSD). M ø ller was unable to provide original data. DCSD’s report: “There are very strong indications that it must, at least in part, be fabricated” and what he said in his retraction is “hardly credible”. From Science 303, 606 (2004)

10. Luk Van Parijs (MIT, Caltech, Harvard): A rising star at MIT in the hot field of RNA interference “I thought Luk was an excellent scientist...” —David Baltimore (Caltech president, Winner of Nobel Prize in Medicine 1975) In 2004 graduate students and postdocs in Van Parij’s lab approached MIT administrators with allegations of research misconduct saying “There were data that they could not verify the origins of. MIT began examination of the 22 papers Van Parijs co-authored during his 5 years at MIT. Caltech looked at 2 articles Van Parijs published, including one co-authored by Baltimore. Harvard scrutinize a paper by Van Parijs. MIT fired Van Parijs. From http://web.mit.edu/giving/spectrum/winter03/healthy-promise.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/giving/spectrum/winter03/healthy-promise.html

11. References 1. B. C. Martinson, M. S. Anderson, and R. de Vries, Scientists behaving badly. Nature 435, 737 (2005). 2. J. Giles, Plagiarism in Cambridge physics lab prompts calls for guidelines. Nature 427, 3 (2004). 3. A. Abbott, Prolific ecologist vows to fight Danish misconduct verdict. Nature 427, 381 (2004). 4. G. Vogel, F. Proffitt, and R. Stone, Ecologists roiled by misconduct case. Science 303, 606 (2004). 5. J. Couzin, MIT terminates researcher over data fabrication. Science 310, 758 (2005). 6. R. Dalton, Universities scramble to assess scope of falsified results. Nature 438, 7 (2005). 7. J. Couzin and M. Schirber, Fraud upends oral cancer field, casting doubt on prevention Trial. Science 311, 448 (2006). 8. E. Marris, Doctor admits Lancet study is fiction. Nature 439, 248 (2006). 9. I. Fuyuno and D. Cyranoski, Doubts over biochemist’s data expose holes in Japanese fraud laws. Nature 439, 514 (2006). 10. D. Normile, Tokyo professor asked to redo experiments. Science 309, 1973 (2005). 11. I. Fuyuno, Further accusations rock Japanese RNA laboratory. Nature 440, 720 (2006).

12. References (cont’d) 12. D. Normile, Panel discredits findings of Tokyo University team. Science 311, 595 (2006). 13. G. Vassart, J. V. Broeck, F. Mendive, and T. V. Loy, The parable of the mandarin. EMBO Rep. 6, 592 (2005). 14. J. Couzin and K. Unger, Cleaning up the paper trail. Science 312, 38 (2006). 15. B. E. Barton, Six-word rule could turn description into plagiarism. Nature 436, 24 (2005) 16. F. Grinnell, Misconduct: acceptable practices differ by field. Nature 436, 776 (2005). 17. E. Marris, Should journals police scientific fraud? Nature 439, 520 (2006). 18. K. Powell, Misconduct mayhem. Nature 441, 122 (2006). 19. J. Giles, Taking on the cheats. Nature 435, 258 (2005).