1. Cells!
Chapter 7

2. What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of life.
The smallest living thing.
All living things are made of cells

4. History of Cells

5. How did we find cells?
1600s began to use microscopes to observe living things
Robert Hooke (1665)
Came up with the phrase ‘cell’
Built a microscope that allowed him to look at very tiny objects
Sliced a very thin piece of cork and looked at it through his microscope

6. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
A fabric merchant
Looked at pond scum.
First to discover unicellular organisms.
He named them “animacules” or “little animals”.

8. Schleiden and Schwann Matthias Schleiden (1838)
A German scientist who studied cells.
Concluded that all plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
*Concluded that all animals are made of cells

9. Rudolph Virchow 1855 German doctor
Discovered that cells could not develop
from anything but other cells
- This idea completed the cell theory

10. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New cells come from existing cells

11. Chapter 7 Vocabulary Pages 169-193
Please add the following 15 words to your notes!
Cell
Cell Theory
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Organelle
Cell Specialization
Tissue
Organ 
Organ System
Diffusion 
Osmosis
Equilibrium
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

12. Diversity of Cellular Life
Unicellular Organisms
Made of a single cell
Majority of life on Earth
Multi-cellular Organisms
Made of many cells
Depend on specialized cells

13. Plant v. Animal Cells
Read through the articles about plant and animal cells.
From the reading list 5 differences between a plant and animal cell.
On the plant cell color:
Nucleolus, nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, Rough ER, smooth ER, cell wall, cytoplasm
On the animal cell color:
Microfilaments, lysosome, ribosome, chromatin, centrioles, microtubules, mitochondria, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, cell membrane, golgi complex

14. Organelle Flashcards
At your desk you will find all the materials you need to set up your flashcards.
Please cut out:
11 Animal cells
8 Plant cells
Glue the cut out cells onto one side of a flashcard. You should have 19 total
We will fill out the cards together as a class when everyone has them put together.

15. Organelles
Specialized structure that performs important functions in the eukaryotic cell
Golgi Apparatus (Complex)
Products of the endoplasmic reticulum are modified, stored or sent to other destinations outside of cell
Found in plant and animal cells

16. Cell Membrane Cytoplasm
Allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes in and out of the cell
Provides protection and support
Found in plant and animal cells
Cytoplasm
Portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Helps to maintain cellular shape

17. Nuclear Envelope (membrane)
Surrounds nucleus, separates from cytoplasm
Allows material to move in and out of the nucleus
Provides support and protection for the nucleus
Found in plant and animal cells
Nuclear Pore
Holes which allow material to move into or out of the nucleus
Cell Wall
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents excessive water intake
Found only in plant cells

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where lipids are assembled; proteins and other materials released from cell
Smooth: lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxification
Rough: ribosomes attached to surface; responsible for protein production; modifies proteins
Found near nucleus
Found in plant and animal cells

19. Mitochondria Nucleus Site of cellular respiration (generates energy)
Convert chemical energy in food to a form cells can use
Found in plant and animal cells
Nucleus
Contains all genes (genetic information), chromatin, chromosomes and nucleolus
Controls protein synthesis

20. Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical energy
Found only in plant cells
Lysosome
Digest macromolecules (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates)
Found only in animal cells

21. Ribosome Vacuole Where proteins are made
Found in plant and animal cells
Vacuole
Stores materials (water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates)
Large size in plants (support)
Plant cells and some animal cells

22. Nucleolus Chromatin Inside nucleus Synthesizes components of ribosomes
Found in plant and animal cells
Chromatin
In nucleus
Made of DNA + Protein which gives us chromosomes.
Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

23. Help cell division –only 2 in cell Only found in animal cells.
Centriole
Help cell division –only 2 in cell
Only found in animal cells.
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
maintain cell shape and help form the spindle in cell division
Microfilament
aid in movement and support

24. Levels of Organization
Individual Cells
Tissues
Cells grouped together
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organs
Tissues work together
Organ Systems
Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

25. Cell specialization: cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
Animal cells: red blood cells (transport oxygen), pancreas (protein production), muscle cells (movement)
Plant cells: guard cells (regulate exchange in leaves)

26. Cell Boundaries Cell Membrane Cell Wall
Thin flexible barrier that surrounds a cell
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides protection and support
Cell Wall
Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane

27. Cell Membrane Made of two layers (lipid bilayer)
Gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier
Contains protein and carbohydrate molecules
Helps materials cross the membrane

28. Cell Wall Found outside the cell membrane (plants)
Main function to provide support and protection
Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide to pass through
Made from carbohydrates and protein

29. Diffusion
Movement of dissolved molecules from one side of cell membrane to another
Particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
Substances diffuse across a membrane without the cell using any energy

31. Facilitated Diffusion
Cell membrane has certain channels that make it easy for certain molecules to cross the membrane
Will only occur if there is a higher concentration on one side of the membrane

32. Active Transport
Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins
Requires energy, cells use majority of their energy for transport
Endocytosis
Process of taking material into the cell by folding of cell membrane
Exocytosis
Membrane of vacuole fuses with cell membrane forcing contents out of cell

35. Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Most membranes selectively permeable
some substances can pass through and others cannot
Water passes easily across most membranes

36. Osmosis How Osmosis works…
Water will move across the membrane until equilibrium is reached
Moves from high to low concentration
Osmotic pressure: pressure on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane

37. Solutions
Hypertonic: side of the membrane with more molecules; “above strength”
Hypotonic: the side of the membrane with less molecules; “below strength”
Isotonic: concentrations the same on both sides of the membrane; “same strength”

39. Osmosis Lab
Tomorrow we will be completing a lab in class that illustrates the process of osmosis.
Today you should…
Read through entire lab procedure
Complete all pre-lab questions
Write a hypothesis
Identify manipulated, responding and control variables.